Figures of Speech

A mode of expression in which words are used out of their literal meaning or out of their ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to transfer the poet's sense impressions by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader. Some important figures of speech are simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and symbol.

Adjunction

Adjunction refers to a clause or a phrase, usually a verb, that is added at the beginning of a sentence.

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Here are a few examples of adjunction:

• Sings the bird as we walk on by.
• Good, it is that fights the master with his dark lord,

Allegory

This figure of speech is an extended metaphor where the characters or actions in a literary work have a more imaginative meaning.

The examples of allegory are:

• I feel like a dog today. I rolled out of my basket and munched on some biscuit-like cereal.
• Scratching as I got on the train, I sniffed a passing female. Aruooo!! Down boy! Animal Farm, George Orwell
• By this, I perceive thou art one of my subjects: for all that country is mine, and I am the Prince and God of it. How is it then that thou hast run away from thy King? The Pilgrim's Progress, John Bunyan

Alliteration

A repetition of a particular consonant sound at the beginning of each word in close succession. Though alliteration is mainly consonant sounds, sometimes vowel sounds are also repeated. This figure of speech is mainly used in poetry.

A few examples of alliteration:

• I stood still and stopped the sound of feet.
• Acquainted with the Night, Robert Frost Those tidal thoroughbreds tango through the turquoise tide. Dancing Dolphins, Paul McCann

Allusion:

An allusion is an indirect or brief reference to a person, place, or thing in a literary work.

A few illustrations of allusion

• I doubt if Phaethon feared more - that time he dropped the sun reins of his father's chariot and burned the streak of the sky we see today - or if poor Icarus did - feeling his sides unfeathering as the wax began to melt, his father shouting: "Wrong, your course is wrong  Inferno, Dante This responsibility is too much for me. I feel as though I have an albatross around my neck.
• The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Antithesis:

An antithesis is a figure of speech where there is a juxtaposition of two contrasting ideas in a balanced clause or sentence.

Some illustrations of antithesis:

• It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.  A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens If, as our dreaming Platonists report, There could be spirits of a middle sort,
• Too black for heaven, and yet too white for hell, Who just dropped halfway down, nor lower fell. - The Hind and the Panther, John Dryden

Apostrophe:

In this figure of speech, a nonexistent or absent person is addressed. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclamation 'O'.

Examples of apostrophes are

• O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? - Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare
• O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, / That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! / Thou art the ruins of the noblest man / That ever lived in the tide of times. Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare.

Climax:

In the climax, the words or clauses are arranged in ascending order of importance. These phrases have a similar theme and are arranged in increasing order according to the impact they create on the reader.

A few illustrations:

• Love creates happiness, happiness creates joy, and joy creates enlightenment.
• We'll collect pennies in tens, hundreds, and millions! Power starts small, becomes significant then becomes unstoppable.

Euphemism:

A figure of speech where an offensive or rude word is substituted by a polite and gentle word.

The technique is to use neutral language so as not to sound offensive to the receiver. For instance:

• Differently abled instead of disabled.
• Put to sleep instead of euthanasia

Hyperbole:

It is used while exaggerating something. This figure of speech is mainly used in several jokes or as a way of insult. It is to dramatize a normal situation or to make it look worse.

A few hyperbole examples:

• The whole world was staring at me.
• It is going to take a zillion years to get through medical school.
• My backpack weighs a ton.

Irony:

The irony is used to convey the opposite meaning of a word. It is usually used in sarcasm or in humor. It is also used to convey an ugly truth in a subtle manner. Some examples of irony are:

• "Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. " (Situational Irony)
• The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, S. T. Coleridge The boy is so intelligent that he failed in all the subjects. (Verbal Irony)

Metaphor:

A metaphor is used for the purpose of comparison with a thing that is not applicable to it literally.

It is an indirect comparison of two unrelated things. Some examples of metaphors include:

• He was a lion on the battlefield.
• He is the apple of my eye.

Metonymy:

In metonymy, the name of one thing is replaced with something that is closely related to it. In common terms, it is also known as misnomer or transmutation.

Here are some metonymy examples:

• The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings. (Suits referring to bankers).
• The White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday night. (Here air time refers to broadcasting).

Onomatopoeia:

This figure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions.

Mentioned below are some examples of onomatopoeia:

• The buzzing of bees.
• The whirring of the washing machine.

Oxymoron:

Using a contradictory term to define a situation, object or event is an oxymoron.

Some oxymoron examples are:

• Clearly misunderstood
• Exact estimation

Personification:

Associating an inanimate object with human quality.

A few personification examples are:

• The haughty lion surveyed his realm.
• My car was happy to be washed.

Simile:

A simile is a figure of speech where two essentially unlike things are compared with each other, using 'as', 'than', or 'like'.

A few simple examples are given below:

• O my love is like a red, red rose.
• Life is like an onion: You peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep.

Synecdoche:

It is a part of speech similar to metonymy, where a part of a particular object is used to refer to the whole thing.

Synecdoche examples are:

• The city posted a sign, where 'the city' refers to the government.
• The gray beard refers to an old man.

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