Job Description Argumentative Essay

Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide OBJECTIVES This guide is intended to provide an overview of all components of a job description and more detailed information about four critical job description components: 1. 2. 3. 4. Job Duties and Responsibilities Position Summary Experience and Education Requirements Job Title This guide was designed to help you: ? Know the reasons job descriptions are important ? Understand the key components of a job description and how to identify them ? Learn the steps to writing an effective job description WHAT IS A JOB DESCRIPTION?

A job description is a written document that summarizes: ? Major duties and responsibilities of the position o Nature o Purpose o Level of work ? Job specifications required to perform the job o o o o Knowledge Skills Abilities Behaviors required to perform the job ? Working conditions 1 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide WHY IS A JOB DESCRIPTION IMPORTANT? A job description is a powerful tool that is used: ? To communicate the job expectations to the employee ? To focus recruitment efforts ? To manage employee performance ? To set employee and organization goals ? For workload management ?

For succession planning ? To create training and development plans ? For the job evaluation and classification process ? To establish fair, competitive pay rates for staff members ? To develop career paths and opportunities for job growth ? To help maintain compliance with federal regulations 2 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide COMPONENTS OF A JOB DESCRIPTION Essential Staff Member Position Summary Supervisory Responsibilities Job Title Job Requirements & Qualifications Job Description Job Duties Fiscal Responsibilities Work Conditions / Environment Physical Demands Internal / External Contacts Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide COMPONENTS OF A JOB DESCRIPTION (CONT) JOB TITLE POSITION SUMMARY A brief description (1-3 words) of the job which reflects the content, purpose, and scope of the job, and is consistent with job titles of similar jobs at Rice. Defines the purpose of the job and summarizes the duties and responsibilities of the job. EDUCATION REQUIRED – Designates the minimum level and type of education needed to be successful at the job as well as any acceptable substitutions (i. e. additional experience in lieu of the required degree). JOB REQUIREMENTS & QUALIFICATIONS

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EXPERIENCE REQUIRED – Designates the minimum level and type of experience needed to be successful at the job as well as any acceptable substitutions (i. e. additional education in lieu of the required experience). LICENSE / CERTIFICATION REQUIRED - Designates any licenses or certifications necessary to do the job (i. e. Bus Driver must have a valid Texas Driver’s License). OTHER SKILLS REQUIRED - List any skills, abilities, or knowledge that an incumbent must have to be successful in the job. ESSENTIAL STAFF MEMBER Indicates positions that are considered essential during a campus emergency.

Describes: • The supervision exercised by the position • The number, type, and titles of employees supervised • The hire/fire authority of the job incumbent • The supervision or guidance the position typically receives (general direction, close supervision, etc. ) Describes the level and type of budgetary or financial responsibilities of the position. SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES FISCAL RESPONSIBILITIES INTERNAL/EXTERNAL Describes the nature of contact, the people contacted, and the extent to which the incumbent has / makes contact with others within and outside of the University.

CONTACTS PHYSICAL DEMANDS WORKING CONDITIONS / ENVIRONMENT JOB DUTIES / RESPONSIBILITIES Describes the type, intensity (how much), frequency (how often), and duration (how long) of physical demands or mental capabilities required by the job. This component is important and key for compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Describes irregular or unusual work schedules and any conditions of the physical environment that an employee may find unpleasant or hazardous. Conveys the job expectations, role, and scope by describing the essential tasks, duties, and responsibilities of the job. 4

Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide JOB REQUIREMENTS & QUALIFICATIONS License / Certification Required - List any licenses or certifications necessary to do the job EXAMPLE - License / Certification Required: Job License / Certification Required Police Officer Permanent license as a Peace Officer from TCLEOSE Valid Texas Class A or B Driver's License with passenger endorsement. Must not have any more than three moving violations within the past 36 months and no convictions or deferred dispositions for Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving Under the Influence (DUI) within the past 10 years.

Must obtain City of Houston Maintenance Electrician License within 3 months of employment. Bus Driver Electrician III Other Skills Required - List any skills, abilities, or knowledge that an incumbent must have to be successful in the job. EXAMPLES – Other Skills Required: - Must be proficient in using Windows Operating System as well as Microsoft Office applications (Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint). - Must demonstrate strong interpersonal, speaking, and writing skills. - Must be able to effectively communicate information and ideas both orally and in writing. Must be able to solve complex problems independently. For the “Education Required” and “Experience Required” sections, refer to page 16. SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES The Supervisory Responsibilities section describes the supervision exercised by the position: o The number, type, and titles of employees supervised o The hire/fire authority of the job incumbent EXAMPLE – Supervisory Responsibilities: The Department Administrator is responsible for supervising the administrative staff within the department – a total of 3 full time staff positions.

S/he provides daily supervision of tasks as well as direction and leadership to the team. S/he is responsible for making hiring and firing decisions, conducting performance evaluations, and identifying and promoting professional development opportunities. The type (and number) of positions supervised include Accountant I (1), Department Coordinator (1), Staff Assistant (1). The Department 5 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Administrator may also be responsible for supervising temporary staff and student positions as needed.

FISCAL RESPONSIBILITIES The Fiscal Responsibilities section describes the level and type of budgetary or financial responsibilities of the position. When completing this section, answer these questions: ? Will this position have any budget responsibility? What is the level of complexity (i. e. research funds, # of funds, etc. )? Will this position have signature authority for purchases, check requests, other financial transactions? ? EXAMPLE – Fiscal Responsibilities: The Department Administrator will be responsible for developing, planning, and managing the department’s budgets (multi-fund and in excess of $1M).

In addition, the Department Administrator will be responsible to approving budgetary expenditures and has authority for conducting purchasing card transactions. INTERNAL / EXTERNAL CONTACTS The Internal / External Contacts section describes the nature of contact, the people contacted, and the extent to which the incumbent has / makes contact with others within and outside of the University. When completing this section, answer these questions: ? Will this position make contact with others within the University and to what extent?

Will this position make contact with others outside the University and to what extent? ? EXAMPLE – Internal / External Contacts: This position will routinely have contact with the Dean’s Office, the Provost’s Office, the Office of Graduate Studies, the Office of Research, Payroll, Budget Office, and Human Resources. 6 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Contact with entities external to the University will be limited and occasional based upon the needs of the department and may include vendors, visitors to the University, alumni, prospective students, donors, etc.

WORKING CONDITIONS / ENVIRONMENT The Working Conditions / Environment section describes irregular or unusual work schedules and any conditions of the physical environment that an employee may find unpleasant or hazardous. Include the following information about the work conditions / environment: o Description of the work environment o Description of the work schedule o How often, and for how long, incumbents are exposed to the conditions EXAMPLES – Working Conditions / Environment: The incumbent will be required to work on weekends (Saturday and Sunday) during August and January.

The incumbent will be required to work outside 95% of the time and will be exposed to the elements and inclement weather. This job requires national and international travel up to 20% of the time. May be required to work overtime as defined by the needs of the department. 7 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide PHYSICAL DEMANDS The Physical Demands section of the job description: ? Describes the type, intensity (how much), frequency (how often), and duration (how long) of hysical demands or mental capabilities required by the job ? Is an important and key component of the job description as it assists the University in maintaining compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ? Is tied to the essential functions of the job (i. e. the key functions, duties, and responsibilities) EXAMPLE – Physical Demands: Instead of this… Must be able to lift laundry bags. Write this… Must have the physical ability to move full laundry bags weighing 20 or 30 pounds each from 10% to 15% of work time.

Must have the mental and visual ability to read and interpret the most complex circuitry blueprints approximately 10% of work time. Must have the physical ability to navigate 2 flights of stairs daily as the building does not have an elevator. Must be able to move around the campus to deliver packages to other departments and offices across campus 1-2 times per week. Must be able to read blueprints. Able to climb stairs. Able to walk across campus. The Physical Demands should: ? Be tied to the essential functions of the job (i. . the key functions, duties, and responsibilities) and not reflective of the ways that those functions are currently performed Clearly and specifically state only those physical demands that cannot be easily accommodated Be written with carefully chosen words to convey the essential functions of the job (i. e. the key functions, duties, and responsibilities) so that the job description is not prejudicial to qualified persons with disabilities ? ? 8 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide

PHYSICAL DEMANDS (CONT) The following list of verbs may be helpful and non-prejudicial in describing customary physical effort in a job (some verbs appear in more than one physical demand category): Physical Demand Category Strength List of Verbs Moves Transports Puts Ascends Moves about Installs Takes out Removes Descends Moves to Replaces Positions Works Atop Traverses Transfers Places Traverses Positions self to Climbing or Balancing Walking, Running, Stooping, Kneeling, Crouching, or Crawling Reaching, Handling, Fingering, or Feeling Talking or Hearing

Detects Removes Attaches Handles Controls Signals Compiles Creates Prepares Communicates Conveys Detects Recognizes Discerns Assesses Detects Seeing Diagnoses Replaces Positions Tends Measures Inputs Retrieves Fabricates Serves Detects Expresses Oneself Determines Perceives Inspects Uses Installs Operations Sets up Activates Uses Drafts Makes Collects Services Discusses Converses with Distinguishes Estimates Compares Perceives Places Adjusts Applies Feeds Modifies Writes Constructs Inspects Discerns Exchanges Information Identifies Judges Observes Discerns

Other Demands Reference: Non-Prejudicial Language for ADA-Compliant Job Descriptions, a white paper written by Kenneth H. Pritchard, CCP, and available on the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) website at http://www. shrm. org/rewards/library_published/compensation/IC/CMS_001455. asp 9 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide THE JOB DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: THE FOUNDATION OF A JOB DESCRIPTION The job duties and responsibilities section is the cornerstone of the job description.

The information in this section: • • • • Provides the job incumbent as well as prospective employees with a clear understanding of what the job is – from the essential job tasks to the key functions of the job Ensures the supervisor and job incumbent have a common understanding of the expectations, role, and scope of the position Provides a basis for performance appraisals Serves as tool to department and school/division leadership to ensure resources are allocated properly to meet goals Job duties should… ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Focus on key tasks – avoid including trivial tasks that are either implied or are not essential to getting the job done Be expressed in complete sentences Begin with an action verb – this will give the audience a better understanding of what will be expected of the incumbent in the position Be precise – • Specify the tasks and duties necessary to carry out the job responsibilities • Vague definitions of the job can lead to inaccurate interpretations by the incumbent, prospective employee, and HR representatives Be concise – write in brief sentences or bullet points Be written by the supervisor of the position Be written for your audience – the job incumbent, prospective employees, and HR Not include knowledge, skills, or abilities needed to complete the task – this should be included in the Other Skills Required section of the job description Use the words “may” and “occasionally” sparingly

On pages 11-16, you will find a step by step guide to help simplify the task of writing the job duties and responsibilities section of the job description. 10 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Step 1: Select a Writing Method There are a couple of ways that you can tackle writing the Job Duties and Responsibilities section of the job description. The writing method you select may vary based upon the level and complexity of the job. Which writing method do you prefer? • Writing Method 1 – Start with key functions in your job; then write a list of daily, weekly, monthly, and/or annual duties and responsibilities that relate to that function. Or •

Writing Method 2 – Start with a list of your daily, weekly, monthly, and/or annual duties and responsibilities; then group the duties and responsibilities by function. 11 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Step 2: Identify Key Functions and Job Duties / Responsibilities In the column corresponding to the writing method you have selected, follow the instructions listed to brainstorm and identify the key functions, duties and responsibilities for the position. Writing Method 1 Identify the key functions of the job, or the essential areas of responsibility. (Each job should have at least 2, but preferably 3-5, key functions. ) EXAMPLE - Here is a list of key functions you may have generated: • Budget • Events • Graduate Program Writing Method 2

Write a list of all the daily, weekly, monthly, and annual duties and responsibilities the position will have. EXAMPLE - Here is an example of a list you might generate for a position: • Plan annual budgets for the department. • Analyze internal processes. • Recommend and implement procedural or policy changes to improve operations. • Monitor and analyze budgetary expenditures. • Monitor the facility to ensure that it remains safe, secure, and well-maintained. • Prepare and review operational reports and schedules to ensure accuracy and efficiency. • Hire and terminate clerical and administrative personnel. • Set goals and deadlines for the department. Oversee construction and renovation projects to improve efficiency and to ensure that facilities meet environmental, health, and security standards, and comply with government regulations. • Devise long term forecasts related to departmental goals and projects. • Create budgetary reports. • Direct or coordinate the supportive services for the department. For each key function, list the corresponding daily, weekly, monthly, and/or annual duties or responsibilities. EXAMPLE - For the Budget function, you may develop a list of duties similar to this: • Plan annual budgets for the department. • Devise budgetary forecasts related to departmental goals and projects. • Monitor and analyze budgetary expenditures. Create budgetary reports. Review the list of job duties to identify the key functions of the job. EXAMPLE - Based upon the list above, you may have identified the following key functions: • Budget • Operations • Facilities 12 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Step 2: Identify Key Functions and Job Duties / Responsibilities (cont) Having a tough time brainstorming? Here are some questions that might help: • • • • • If this job didn’t exist, what work wouldn’t get done? What need(s) does this position fill in the department and/or school or division? What is the role of this position? What do you expect from the person in this position?

What does / will the job incumbent need to do on a daily, weekly, monthly, and annual basis to get the job done? What responsibilities are given to this job? What goals have been assigned to this position? • • Some things to remember…. ? ? ? Each job should have at least 2, but preferably 3-5, key functions. Each key function should have at least 2 duties or responsibilities. Begin each job duty / responsibility with at least 1 action verb (see the Action Verb Glossary). This step is very important to the Performance Appraisal Process as well. The core competencies used to evaluate the job incumbent’s performance are determined using the key functions, job duties and responsibilities of the job. 13 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide

Step 3: Review Key Functions and Job Duties/Responsibilities for Accuracy and Comprehension Now that you have brainstormed and identified the key functions, duties and responsibilities for this job, review your list and ask yourself these questions: • • • • • • • • • • Does this capture all the essential job functions, responsibilities, duties, and tasks the incumbent will be held accountable for? Assuming my audience knows nothing about this job; would this provide a clear and complete picture of what is expected of him / her? Would a person that does not work in my department or at Rice understand this? Did I use descriptive action verbs to convey the job duties (i. e. here is limited use of words such as assist, coordinate, prepare)? Are the job duties written in complete sentences? Are there at least 2 key functions included? Are there at least 2 job duties listed for each key function? Is this job doable? Can someone be successful in this job? Does the job description reflect the level of work you expect once the job incumbent is acclimated to the new position? If the answer to any of these questions is “No”: ? Add any pertinent information to ensure the job duties / responsibilities are complete and accurate. Revise the job duties / responsibilities to ensure they are accurate and easy to understand. ?

The Job Duties / Responsibilities component of the job description should be: ? ? ? ? ? ? Complete – includes all the functions and duties the incumbent will be responsible for Focused on key tasks – i. e. those essential to getting the job done Expressed in complete sentences Precise – specifies the tasks and duties necessary to carry out the job responsibilities Concise – written in brief sentences or bullet points Written for a general audience with little to no knowledge of the job, your department, or Rice 14 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Step 4: Summarize the Role and Responsibility for each Key Function Now that the key functions, job duties and responsibilities are complete, accurate, nd easy to understand, write a sentence or two for each key function to summarize the incumbent’s role and level of responsibility to that function. This will help provide context to the job duties that will follow. EXAMPLE: Using the Budget function from Step 2, here is an example of a summary statement that describes the role and responsibility the incumbent has to the Budget function. Budget Manage the daily budgetary operations of the department and is instrumental in the strategic budgetary planning process for the department. • Plan annual budgets for the department • Devise long term forecasts related to departmental goals and projects • Monitor and analyze budgetary expenditures • Create budgetary reports 15 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide

Step 5: Estimate the Percentage of Time for each Key Function Now that the Job Duties and Responsibilities component of your job description is well written, accurate, complete, and easy to understand, the only remaining step is to estimate the amount of time the incumbent will spend on each Key Function. First, organize the key functions and corresponding duties of the job in a logical fashion, such as by order of importance. Start by prioritizing the key functions, and then rank the corresponding job duties for each key function by order of importance as well. Second, estimate the percentage of time the incumbent will spend on each key function over the course of a year. Since you have already prioritized the key functions, it should be easier to estimate the time spent on each. Typically, the most important functions will consume the majority of an incumbent’s time, with the other functions requiring less time.

EXAMPLE - Here is a finished example of the Job Duty / Responsibility component: % of Time Job Duty / Responsibility Operations Manage and direct support personnel and processes for the department to ensure efficient operations and achievement of departmental goals and objectives. • Direct or coordinate the supportive services for the department. • Hire and terminate clerical and administrative personnel. • Set goals and deadlines for the department. • Analyze internal processes. • Recommend and implement procedural or policy changes to improve operations. • Prepare and review operational reports and schedules to ensure accuracy and efficiency.

Budget Manage the daily budgetary operations of the department and is instrumental in the strategic budgetary planning process for the department. • Plan annual budgets for the department. • Devise long term forecasts related to departmental goals and projects. • Monitor and analyze budgetary expenditures. • Create budgetary reports. Facilities Manage facilities operations for the department to ensure compliance with government regulations, environmental, health and security standards, and to ensure a safe and secure work environment. • Oversee construction and renovation projects to improve efficiency and to ensure that facilities meet environmental, health, and security standards, and comply with government regulations. Monitor the facility to ensure that it remains safe, secure, and well-maintained. 50% 35% 15% Some general rules of thumb for this process: ? The total percentage of time for all key functions must add up to 100% ? The percentage of time for each key function should be at least 5% of the total job or higher ? Key functions that consist of less than 5% of the total job should be removed (as they may be nonessential tasks), grouped with another function, or put under the header of “other duties as assigned. ” 16 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide The Position Summary The position summary provides a high level overview of the role, level and scope of responsibility, and the key functions of the job.

In addition, it will convey key qualifications – education, experience, skills, etc. – required to be successful in the job. This is a very important part of the job description as it is usually the first part of the job description that job incumbents and prospective employees read, gives them their first taste of what they can expect to do in the job, and can impact recruitment efforts. Although this is often the first thing job incumbents and potential employees read; it should be the last part of the job description that you write. This is a summary and it is meant to serve as a condensed version of the job description. Once you have written the rest of the job description, this is the easy part. 1.

Write a one sentence summary of the overall role this job plays. 2. Insert the sentences you wrote to summarize each key function – this will provide more detailed information about the key aspects of the job and will your audience a window into a day in the life of this position. 3. If there are any unusual aspects to the job, include one or more sentences to communicate these to the job incumbent and / or prospective employees. This would include required travel, work on the weekends, routine or occasional overtime, unpleasant environmental factors (i. e. work outside or in noisy areas), jobs that are less than full time, positions funded by grants, etc.

Tip: The Job Summary is also a great place to provide a brief description of the department and its mission and purpose. EXAMPLE – Using the Job Duty/Responsibility Component on page 11, here is what the position summary would look like: Serve as the primary Administrative Manager for the department to ensure smooth and efficient operations, effective budget management, and a safe and comfortable work environment. Manage and direct support personnel and processes for the department to ensure efficient operations and achievement of departmental goals and objectives. Manage the daily budgetary operations of the department and is instrumental in the strategic budgetary planning process for the department.

Manage facilities operations for the department to ensure compliance with government regulations, environmental, health and security standards, and to ensure a safe and secure work environment. The incumbent will be required to work weekends during August and January. 17 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide The Education and Experience Requirements The Education Requirement ? Establishes the minimum level of education needed to perform the job (i. e. HS Diploma or equivalent, Bachelor’s Degree, etc. ). ? Conveys the type of degree or concentration that is needed (i. e. Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science). ? Communicates any acceptable substitutes (i. e. 4 additional experience in place of a Bachelor’s Degree). EXAMPLE – The Education Requirement

Education Required Specify Concentration / Degree Type Substitution for Education Requirement Bachelor's Degree Business Administration, Accounting, Economics, Finance, or related field. May substitute additional related experience, above and beyond what is required, on an equivalent year for year basis in lieu of the degree requirement. The Experience Requirement ? Establishes the minimum number of years of job related experience that is required to be successful in the job. ? Conveys the type of experience that is needed (i. e. Supervisory Experience). ? Communicates any acceptable substitutes (i. e. substitute a Master’s Degree for 2 years of experience). EXAMPLE – The Experience Requirement

Experience Required Specify Type of Experience Substitution for Experience Requirement 5 years Experience in progressively responsible professional administrative roles including budget, facilities, or operations management Education may not be substituted for the experience requirement. 18 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide The Education and Experience Requirements (cont) The Education and Experience Requirements should be… ? ? ? ? ? Consistent – with department, school/division, and university standards. Unbiased – The education and experience requirement cannot be based upon a particular person’s education and experience. Precise – Requirements that are too high can eliminate potentially qualified applicants from your applicant pool.

If they are too low, you may receive a lot of applications, but only a few who are actually qualified. Specific – Set the requirements at the very minimum needed to be qualified for the job, but also include the type of experience you are interested in. For example, instead of 2-3 years of related professional experience, say 2 years of experience as an administrative assistant. Or, instead of Bachelor’s or Master’s Degree in Business, say Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration, Accounting, Finance, Economics, or related field. Relevant – The education and experience requirements should be applicable to the duties and responsibilities of the job. Requirement vs Preference ?

The Education and Experience Requirements are essential qualifications needed to carry out the day to day job functions. ? The Education and Experience Preferences are qualifications the hiring manager, supervisor, department would like a job incumbent to have, but are not essential to carrying out the day to day functions of the job. To develop sound education and experience requirements, use the following resources: ? Rice classification standards – For most classification groups, the minimum education and experience requirements have been established. ? RICEWorks Job Description Library – Look at the education and experience requirements of similar jobs around campus. HR/Compensation – call Compensation to help you think through what might be appropriate. We have resources at our disposal that can address unique situations and positions. Remember – The Education and Experience Requirements come as a package. Job incumbents and prospective employees must meet both requirements to be considered as “qualified” for the position. If another combination is acceptable, please consult with HR/Compensation to determine the appropriate way to capture this in the job description. 19 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide The Job Title A job title… ? Is a brief description (1-3 words) ? Reflects the content, purpose, and scope of the job ?

Is consistent with other similar jobs at Rice To select a job title, refer to similar jobs within Rice using RICEWorks. The Job Description Library in RICEWorks allows you to search for similar jobs. When you find a comparable job, use that job title. If the job description you are working on is rather unique, call HR/Compensation. We have resources at our disposal that can address unique situations and positions. A job title should be… • Brief – one to three words • Precise – accurately conveys the content, level, and scope of responsibility of the job • Relevant - comparable to similar jobs in the department, across the university, and in the marketplace • Consistent with the department’s organizational structure EXAMPLES – Job Titles: ? ? ? ? ? Program Manager Department Coordinator Groundskeeper Accountant I Director of Development Research Technician II 20 Job Description Writing: A Step By Step Guide Resources Listed below are some additional resources that may help you write the job description: ? HR Compensation – We have expertise and resources to assist you in developing a well written, comprehensive job description. Please call us if we can help. ? RICEWorks – There is no reason to reinvent the wheel – use these resources to develop your job description. o Job Description Library – Look at other job descriptions to see if there is already a similar position. You can use it as a template, tweaking the content as needed. Classification Descriptions – Use the common activities listed in the classification description as a basis for developing the job duties ? Online job postings – To get the brainstorming process started, look for similar jobs on job posting websites. It often brings to light things that you may have forgotten, but that are equally important to include in the job description. ? O*NET – This is an online database administered by the Department of Labor that provides job duties, skills, education, etc for thousands of jobs. This is a great place to get information on the types of job duties that are characteristic of other similar positions. 21

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