Nylon tyre cord is made from high tenacity continuous filament yarn by twisting and plying. There are two major types of nylons used as tyre cord, i. e. nylon-6 and nylon-6,6. The properties of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 vary marginally and are controlled by the manufacturing …
What is the difference between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent? The oxidation number (overall charge of the atom) is reduced in reduction and this is accomplished by adding electrons. The electrons, being negative, reduce the overall oxidation number of the atom receiving the …
Blood is a necessary component of the majority of living organisms (all vertebrates and some invertebrates); it carries vital nutrients, oxygen and proteins to body tissues and carries away waste products. Blood, although most commonly red, can also be found in such colours as green, …
The acid-catalyzed dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols involves non-isolable carbocation intermediaries. In the first step of the of the reaction mechanism below, a phosphoric acid catalyst adds a proton to the oxygen atom of the alcohol to form an oxonium ion. The OH is …
In the early hours of August 17, 1975, a tragic disaster occurred on the Gulf Oil refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This horrific disaster took the lives of eight firefighters, and potentially could have taken more lives if it wasn’t for the help of many surrounding …
There are three main factors that control solubility of a solute. Temperature Nature of solute or solvent Pressure Effect Of Temperature Generally in many cases solubility increases with the rise in temperature and decreases with the fall of temperature but it is not necessary in …
Different types of thermometers Galileo thermometer. A Galileo thermometer (or Galilean thermometer), named after Italian physicist Galileo Galilei, is a thermometer made of a sealed glass cylinder containing a clear liquid and a series of objects whose densities are such that they rise or fall as the temperature changes. By definition, Galileo’s thermometer is actually …
INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER: It is when water passes through or over deposit such as limestone; the level of Ca²⁻and Mg²⁺and HCO₃ ions present in the water can greatly increase and cause the water to be classified as hard water. This term results …
Leo Tran IB Chemistry SL II R5 Ms. Crane January 4, 2012 Restoring Balance LAB Pre-Lab Questions 1. The solubility of iodine increases because the position of equilibrium has shifted towards the triiodide side of the reaction. Addition of the reactants causes an increase in …
Proteomics is a study of the proteome of an organism. The last few decades have seen a rapid progress in the development of this field. This paper attempts to compare and contrast the way in which proteomics studies are performed today as opposed to those …
Synthesis of Dulcin Objective: The main objective of this lab is to gain experience at a typical synthesis and semi-microscale recrystallization. Discussion Questions: How fast should the temperature be raised when determining a melting point? When can the temperature be raised more quickly? If there …
Once the aspirin is prepared, it is isolated from the reaction solution and then it is purified. The aspirin is insoluble in cold water, and it is isolated by filtering the chilled reaction solution. Purification is essential to remove any unreacted salicylic acid and acetic …
Experiment Enthalpy And Entropy Of Zinc With Copper Sulfate The CCLI Initiative Computers in Chemistry Laboratory Instruction Learning Objectives The learning objectives of this experiment are to determine changes in enthalpy and entropy of the reaction of zinc with copper sulfate using two methods: electrochemistry …
In this lab, caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process that involved the synthesis of three intermediates – diethyl n-butylmalonate, potassium n-butylmalonate, and n-butyl malonic acid respectively. An IR was used to characterize the starting material, n-bromobutane, and the first intermediate, diethyl n-butylmalonate; while …
Need And Scope Of The Experiment In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To sight a few, natural moisture content is used …
Materials and Apparatus: Olive oil, 95% ethanol, beaker, 50% sodium hydroxide solution, Boucher alter, hot plate, salt solution, magnetic stirrer, filter funnel, glass rod, filter paper, weighing balance, watch glass and measuring cylinder. From the diagram above, we can clearly see that the ionic (highly …
Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Objective To purify benzoic acid by recrystallization and gain experience with a basic organic laboratory techniques. Background Products of chemical reactions are often contaminated with impurities. One method for purifying chemicals, recrystallization, takes advantage of the differences in the solubilities of …
Trying to find a good, quantitative procedure that students can use for exploring photosynthesis is a challenge. The standard procedures such as counting oxygen bubbles generated by an elodea stem tend to not be “student” proof or reliable. This is a particular problem if your …
Lab Report Format for Separating the Components of “Panacetin” (2) and Recrystallization and Melting Point Measurement: Identifying the Components of “Panacetin” (3). Lab Notebook Title and Date Objective: Explain the purpose of the experiment and how you plan to accomplish it. Technique: Show the use …
Turn the tap on and drink a glass of water. Does it taste funny? Is it clear? The water you are drinking may be toxic without any such indicators. Water is all around us; it is essential for life. Over two thirds of earth’s surface …
Table 1: Data Collection Table – Contains all of the primary data directly obtained from the lab. Indicator | Initial volume of NaOH in burette (ml) ±0. 05| Final Volume of NaOH in burette (ml) ±0. 05| Final – initial Burette Reading (Volume of NaOH …
Tutorial 1: Atomic Structure and Bonding in Solids 1. (a)Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight. (b)Silicon has three naturally-occurring isotopes as shown in the table below. On the basis of this data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Si is 28. …
Abstract The industrial gas turbine is a key part of modern electricity generation. In 1998 15% of electric power was produced by gas turbines. Due to their efficiency, compactness, reliability and relatively low capital cost 81% of new electric power demand will be met by …
The discussion tap water vs. bottled water has very strong opinionated sides. One side believes that tap water is the better choice and is better for the environment and health of the general populace, while the other side of the populace argues that bottled water …
Land Water Pollution by FertilizersTable of ContentIntroductionSituationProblemSolutionDecrease of the Procedure ChemicalsEvaluationOrganic FertilizersInorganic FertilizersDecisionMentionsIntroductionThis essay is based on the subject “Ground Water Pollution by Fertilizers” . Furthermore, it is further divided into four different parts that contains state of affairs, job, solution and rating. The initial …
The evaporating of harmful gases, earthquakes, and some evidences from the manhole are the manifestations showed that an underground volcano was forming under the city. This means that there was already lava under the city and the ground cannot take the pressure anymore so it …
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the stereochemical outcome of a reaction. A second chiral center is being formed in this experiment and two diastereomeric compounds are created. Reagents: Safety Precautions or Hazards: Do not place pipettes in paper trash. Must be …
It all started with the manufacturing of flash light batteries in Calcutta by the Eveready Company Limited of Great Britain. Later on this company became a subsidiary of UCC headquartered in New York. The company later adopted the new name of Union Carbide India limited …
You can gain access to the elf menu, for the quantum lab, by clicking on the bell in the stockroom. The general features of the inorganic simulation include 26 actions that cam be added to test tubes in any combinations, 11 reagents that can be …
Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen INTRODUCTION: Synthesis and use of organic compounds is an extremely important area of modern chemistry. Approximately half of all chemists work with organic chemicals. In everyday life, many if not most of the chemicals you come in contact …
Conjugation
The word "conjugation" is derived from a Latin word that means "to link together". In organic chemistry terms, it is used to describe the situation that occurs when π systems (e.g. double bonds) are "linked together". An "isolated" π (pi) system exists only between a single pair of adjacent atoms (e.g. C=C)
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with objects in motion. Potential energy is the type of energy associated with an object's potential to do work. Chemical energy is the type of energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds and can be harnessed for metabolic processes.
Physics
Chemical physics is concerned with the application of the concepts and theories of physics to the analysis of chemical systems and their physical behaviour. While also at the interface between physics and chemistry, it is distinct from physical chemistry.
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