Sociological Imagination And Act Of Kindness

TEST 1

1. Emile Durkheim saw society as a system "beyond us" with the power to guide our lives. Therefore, he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs as:

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• a. false consciousness.
• b. ideal types.
• c. social facts.
• d. forms of rationality.

2. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed:

• a. scientific research into common sense.
• b. personal problems into public issues.
• c. people into supporters of the status quo.
• d. common sense into laws of society.

3. Sociologists use the term “social marginality” to refer to:

• a. people who have little understanding of sociology
• b. people who are especially sensitive about their family background.
• c. being defined by others as an “outsider. ”
• d. having special social skills.

4. A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses not on how individuals perceive a social setting but how what happens in that setting involves social inequality.

• a. True
• b. False

5. With regard to the process of measurement, which of the following statements is true?

• a. Consistency does not guarantee validity.
• b. For measurement to be reliable, it must be valid.
• c. For measurement to be valid, it must be reliable.
• d.All measurement is both reliable and valid.

6. Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of Canada than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be:

• a. high in both urban and rural areas.
• b. higher in rural areas.
• c. higher in urban areas.
• d. low in both urban and rural areas.

7. What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up a people’s way of life?

• a. society
• b. culture
• c. social structure
• d. social system

8. Which of the following concepts was used by Durkheim to name a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals?

• a. division of labor
• b. anomie
• c. false consciousness
• d. alienation

9. Formal organizations are:

• a. small groups with elected leaders.
• b. large secondary groups with goal orientation.
• c. only agencies that are part of the government.
• d. networks that have many members.

10. Subculture refers to:

• a. people who embrace the high culture.
• b. cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population.
• c. people who embrace popular culture.
• d. a part of the population lacking culture.

11. Ethnocentrism refers to:

• a. people taking pride in their ethnicity.
• b. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.
• c. claiming that another culture is better than your own.
• d. understanding another culture using its own standards and values.

12. Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?

• a. norms.
• b. high culture.
• c. material culture.
• d. nonmaterial culture.

13 _____ is a way of understanding the world based on science.

• a. Free will
• b. Theology
• c. Positivism
• d. Metaphysics

14. The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher:

• a. must carry out research that will encourage desirable social change.
• b. must try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research.
• c. must study issues that have no value to society as a whole.
• d. must not care personally about the topic being studied.

15. Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline?

• a. a belief that our futures are defined by "fate"
• b. the founding of the Roman Catholic Church
• c. the power of tradition
• d. the rise of industrial factories and cities

16. Which of the following is a way in which people can mislead others with statistics?

• a. People select the data they present.
• b. People interpret the data to lead their readers to the desired conclusion.
• c. People use graphs to "spin" the truth.
• d. All of the above are correct.

17. Which of the following best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach?

• a. patterns of social inequality
• b. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society
• c. the meaning people attach to their behavior
• d. All of the above are correct.

18. Sociologists use the term “empirical evidence” to refer to:

• a. information we can verify with our senses.
• b. information that most people agree is true.
• c. information that squares with common sense.
• d. information that is based on a society’s traditions.

19. According to Peter Blau, which of the following plays a part in group dynamics?

• a. class
• b. race
• c. gender
• d. all of the above

20. The social-conflict approach draws attention to:

• a. patterns of social inequality.
• b. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society
• c. how people construct meaning in their interaction.
• d. the stable aspects of society.

21. Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

• a. assing cultural patterns from one generation to another.
• b. cultural patterns moving from one society to another.
• c. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns.
• d. using oral tradition.

22. An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to:

• a. proscriptive norms.
• b. taboos.
• c. mores.
• d. folkways.

23. Sociologists define a symbol as:

• a. any gesture that conveys insult to others.
• b. any material cultural trait.
• c. social patterns that cause culture shock.
• d. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

24. By stating that the sociological perspective shows us “the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists

• a. believe that people often behave in strange ways.
• b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives
• c. focus on the bizarre elements of society.
• d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits.

25. ______________ refers to organized interaction of people within a nation, state, or other boundary who share a culture.

• a. popular culture
• b. real culture
• c. society
• d. social structure

26. Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?

• a. symbolic-interaction approach
• b. structural-functional approach
• c. social-exchange approach
• d. social-conflict approach

27. Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the following?

• a. racial inequality in a company’s hiring and promotion practices
• b. gender inequality in college sports
• c. income differences among young people in high school
• d.All of the above are correct.

28. The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called:

• a. popular culture.
• b. diffusion.
• c. immigration.
• d. cultural transmission.

29. Which discipline defines itself as “the systematic study of human society”?

• a. history
• b. economics
• c. psychology
• d. sociology

30. Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology’s structural-functional approach.

• a. Talbott Parsons, Karl Marx, W. E. B. Du Bois
• b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim
• c. Robert Merton, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte
• d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W. E. B.

31. Du Bois Which of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it?

• a. Emile Durkheim
• b. Karl Marx
• c. Max Weber
• d. Auguste Comte

32. The social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction.

• a. True
• b. False

33. Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______.

• a. specific; general
• b. good; worst tragedies
• c. new; old
• d. general; particular

34. Sociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify them.

• a. False
• b. True

35. The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was:

• a. Auguste Comte.
• b. Robert K. Merton
• c. Emile Durkheim.
• d. Karl Marx

36. A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a:

• a. theory.
• b. concept.
• c. precept.
• d. approach.

37. If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective?

• a. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority
• b. politicians
• c. the middle-class
• d. the wealthy

38. The social-conflict approach argued that the point of studying society was:

• a. o bring about needed change.
• b. to foster support for a nation’s government.
• c. to understand how society really operates.
• d. to compare U. S. society to others.

39. The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was:

• a. Karl Marx.
• b. Herbert Spencer.
• c. Emile Durkheim.
• d. Max Weber.

40. __________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.

• a. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms
• b. Folkways; mores
• c. Mores; folkways
• d. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms

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