Beets, botanically known as Beta Vulgaris. The leaves have been eaten before, but the beetroot was generally used medicinally before 1800’s. Scientific background for beetroot is that the pigments cannot go through membranes but they leak out when the beetroot is getting heated or when …
My new pet is a dog. They are so loving, caring and a true friend. My little dog, Jingle, is a living example of what love is all about and he is my little treasure and holds a special place in my heart. Where in …
Climate change is a by-product of green house gases because when gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. are in excess in the atmosphere, it will have an adverse effect on its structure. Its biggest side effect will be in the form of an …
Table 1 Trial Number The Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M) ±0. 2 ml Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g) ±0. 1 Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g) ±0. 1 1 0. 0 7. 7 9. 3 2 – 6. 0 8. 1 3 – …
Investigating the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase. Introduction Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid that appears colorless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. It is a weak acid. It has strong oxidizing properties and …
Collision Theory The theory proposes that molecules must collide in a particular way with a certain amount of energy to ultimately form a new product. This is because only a select portion of molecules during a reaction have enough energy and the correct orientation to …
Abstract Invertase is a type of enzyme, a natural catalytic agent for biochemical reactions, which can be obtained in Baker’s Yeast. Determination of the effect of pH on invertase activity is the primary objective of the experiment. The dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) Assay method is …
The effect of sucrose concentration on the rate of osmosis across a potato’s cell membrane submerged for 94 hours in the solutation. Background Information Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules across a partially permeable membrane. They move from a region of low concentration (hypotonic) …
The move to alternative energy sources is inevitable for most of the modern world. Reasons for the move include sheer economics, geopolitics and environmental protection. (more…)
Introduction The Diels-Alder reaction is a [4+2] cycloaddition of a conjugated diene and a dienophile. This type of reaction was named for Otto Diels and Kurt Alder who were the first to investigate this reaction (Weldegirma, 2012). The Diels- Alder reaction is one of the …
Multi-Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, …
Barry Allahyar Dr. Dodd CHEM 2122 2010-09-16 Experiment 19: Fischer Esterification, Conclusion The objective in this experiment was to efficiently perform an Fischer esterification of 1-butanol and acetic acid to form water and n-butyl acetate, and to confirm the esterification using IR spectroscopy analysis. It …
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system …
Safety is of extreme importance onboard ships. There have been many ship related accidents and incidents that have claimed many lives. One such common accident would be fire eruptions onboard ships. Due to the high figure of such fatal happenings, MARPOL and SOLAS have been …
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to investigate the radiation laws (Lambert’s Distance, Cosine Law and Stefan-Boltzmann Law) using thermal and optical radiation. This experiment was carried out with the assistance of the Thermal Radiation Apparatus which consists of a heat source (that provides …
The fastest way to cool a soda deals a lot with heat transfer. Heat is a measure of the average molecular motion of matter and can be transferred from one piece of matter to another in four different ways which are conduction, convection, evaporation, and …
Dissolution and precipitation reactions are very important chemical reactions because it is applied to many aspects of the industries in medicine, food, water etc. The objectives of this laboratory experiment is to become familiar with dissolution and precipitation equilibria, develop a lab technique suitable for …
Vidallon, Mark Louis P. Date Performed: February 20, 2012 CHEM44. 1 2LDate Submitted: March 12, 2012 MIXED-ALDOL CONDENSATION Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde I. Introduction Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde or 3-phenyl-2-propenal is the major constituent of cinnamon oil, extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum, C. burmanii, …
1. In table format, provide the Rf values you recorded for each of the 3 compounds in Part I. List compound on one axis of your table and solvent system on the other. If multiple spots were present for a compound, give Rf value for …
Molecules of Life Computer Assignment A) What characteristics are typical of molecules that are gases at room temperature? Molecules that are gases at room temperature tend to be smaller in size. This causes it to have a small molecular masses and has a relatively weak …
To determine the Kf for naphthalene, we need to find the difference in the freezing point of pure naphthalene and the solution of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in naphthalene. Let’s say that we did this experiment, used 1. 00 g 1,4-dichlorobenzene in 10. 00 g naphthalene, and found …
My objective is to plan and conduct an experiment from which I should be able to draw a firm conclusion that will either prove or disprove any predictions I make. This essay aims to assess and investigate the effect of various solution concentrations on the …
Part 1 – Purpose The purpose of the lab is to better understand electrophilic aromatic substitution by carrying out the nitration of methyl benzoate Part II – Results Substances Used: Formulas Used Grams to Milliliters for Methyl Benzoate: Theoretical Yield of Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate: Percent Yield: …
An essential element of chemistry is finding reaction rates. This is because chemists need to know how long a reaction should take. In addition to needing to know the rate of a reaction at any point in time to monitor how the reaction is proceeding. …
The Problem – Its Background Our environment today is experiencing a lot of superfluous phenomena like floods, earthquakes and other incidents and pollution is the root of all of these incidents. Serving the environment would be a big help to Mother Earth. The researchers decided …
Newey and Weaver described nucleation as a process that must occur in a system, undergoing a phase transition, before the formation of another phase (Royce). This process is called homogeneous nucleation if it occurs away from any boundaries. On the other hand, heterogeneous nucleation takes …
Yogurt Fermentation Yogurt is made by lactic acid fermentation. The main (starter) cultures in yogurt are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The function of the starter cultures is to ferment lactose (milk sugar) to produce lactic acid. The increase in lactic acid decreases pH and …
Although ocean or marine pollution has a long history, meaningful international laws were enacted only in the twentieth century to deal with it. Concerns over marine pollution were expressed at several United Nations conventions regarding sea and ocean legislation in the early 1950s. Many scientists …
The bob]active of the Melting Point Lab was to learn the technique of melting point determination. Also, to discover the identity of an unknown compound from using the mixed melting point method. Introduction: The range of temperatures between the temperature at which the first crystal …
Air pollution is one of the problems facing the international communities. Air pollution is known to have devastating effects on the environment. Kuwait has a long history of air pollution since the era of the Gulf War. During the Gulf War, more than 600 oil …
Conjugation
The word "conjugation" is derived from a Latin word that means "to link together". In organic chemistry terms, it is used to describe the situation that occurs when π systems (e.g. double bonds) are "linked together". An "isolated" π (pi) system exists only between a single pair of adjacent atoms (e.g. C=C)
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with objects in motion. Potential energy is the type of energy associated with an object's potential to do work. Chemical energy is the type of energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds and can be harnessed for metabolic processes.
Physics
Chemical physics is concerned with the application of the concepts and theories of physics to the analysis of chemical systems and their physical behaviour. While also at the interface between physics and chemistry, it is distinct from physical chemistry.
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