The Effect of Internet Use on a Person

Time spent on social media would be affiliate positively with positive and negative online behaviors. They stated that “there is a growing body of research exploring the relationship between Internet use in general, and social media use in particular, and depression,” (Parent, Gobble, Rochlen, 2018).

In the article regarding social media behavior, toxic masculinity and depression, the main point of the study aimed to explore the factors such as internet use and other variables. The exploration of the study was completed by evaluating the correlation of social media use, toxic masculinity and depression.

Mturk was used to recruit the participants of this study. Mturk provides opportunities for paid task completion such as marketing surveys, research, or even image evaluation and has a reputation of being utilized for sources of data for research (Parent, Gobble, Rochlen, 2018). The participants were a group of 402 men made up of White, Asian Americans, Hipic/Latino, Black or African American, or multicultural, who ranged from age 18 to 74 (Parent, Gobble, Rochlen, 2018).

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The measures in this study were toxic masculinity, affect-biased attention online interactions, depression symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing masculine depression. The toxic masculinity measure was conducted by Parent and Marodai in 2011. While affect-biased attention online interactions and depression symptoms were conducted by Cronbach and Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams in 2001. Lastly, Magovcevic and Addis authored the study which measured the internalizing and externalizing masculine depression.

The procedure involved the recruited participants that were males in the United States, with a minimum of 95% on their Mturk task approval rating. The survey was created with two validity checks. Failed validity checks were not included in the reporting. All participants of the study received $1.50 compensation in their Mturk account. The results determined that the relations between social media use, toxic masculinity, and depression correlated with the theories regarding affect-biased attention and toxic masculinity. It also highlighted mediating the toles of positive and negative interactions in the relations between the toxic masculinity and depressive symptoms.

In closing, for futures research the author suggested that differences among social media sites should be explored. Examples of this would be how different social media sites individually effects toxic masculinity and interactions. Another suggestion for future research would be a portion with an anonymous or non-anonymous internet sites. Lastly how toxic masculinity relates to different forms of negative interactions.

A study was conducted in efforts to determine the relationship between at risk suicide Twitter conversations and actual suicide rates. Depending upon the findings, Twitter may become a vital variable in public health interventions geared towards deterring suicide. There were 1,208,809 total participants that were randomly selected throughout the 53 states.

The age group of the participants were not specified. As far as the measures, it was conducted by utilizing the Twitter Streaming API filtering. This measure was conducted by from the foundation of that was originally established by Burton, Tanner, Giraud-Carrier, West and Barnes (Jashinsky, J., Burton, S. H., Hanson, C. L., West, J., Giraud-Carrier, C., Barnes, M. D., & Argyle, T. 2014). This was conducted on May 15, 2018 to August 13, 2012.

According to the results, the Twitter Streaming API filtering created terms known as suicide risk factors. These factors serve as key words that are triggered every time they are tweeted. Examples of those risk factors are “I feel so worthless today, and I tried to commit suicide before several times” (Jashinsky, J., Burton, S. H., Hanson, C. L., West, J., Giraud-Carrier, C., Barnes, M. D., & Argyle, T. 2014). The authors overall purpose of the study was to demonstrate how social media (Twitter) plays a role in suicide risk factors. The author concluded that there was no way of identifying between individuals who are considering committing suicide versus those who are going to take immediate actions.

Another study conducted the patterns of media usage and how it effects the psychological well-being. In this study it is stated that people tend to share emotional events that they experienced through social media in everyday life.

The participants were 216 college students who went through romantic breakup at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from ages 18 and up. These participants were both male and female that are White, Asian, Hipic, African American, and other racial groups (Choi, M., & Toma, C. L. 2017). For that data to be collected, the participant was given extra credit in communication classes. One of the measures for this study was personal growth which was manipulated by using the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory from Tedeschi & Calhoun 1996 (Choi, M., & Toma, C. L. 2017).

The strategy of this procedure involved the participants who experienced a romantic breakup to report their social sharing patterns to six different groups through face to face and social media. The six different groups are close friends, casual friends, family, geographically close, and long distance. These geographic distance measures were borrowed from Claes & Simard, 1992 and Johnson, 2001. As a result, in this study, they found that there was a positive correlation between sharing and personal growth with sharing their experience with close friends through face to face.

To conclude, this study was to show how the event of break up relating is shared with the three different types of groups and reveal the different patterns that would aid personal growth or their well-being. This helps concluded how college students deal with romantic breakup by sharing their emotions or experience with the different groups and how media do play an important role, but it is most likely gained through face to face interaction. The author recommends that in future research measure the psychological needs, media needs and selected media needs.

The most common issue between social media and depression is appearance related. In this study it explains how appearance related social media consciousness (ASMC), affects a woman’s thoughts and behaviors on whether she’s attractive to a social media audience. They tested to see if appearance related social media consciousness correlates with body image concerns and depressive symptoms. In past studies, social media shows that one’s experience can determines depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to target young women who are affected by how they may feel or look to their social media audience.

In this study, the author collected data from 339 collegiate women who were enrolled in psychology coursed at a university in the southeastern United States from ages 18-19, to complete a 45-minute survey (Choukas-Bradley, S., Nesi, J., Widman, L., & Higgins, M. K. 2018). This data has been collected once the participates have informed consent. Participants were given particle credit in their course once they partake in this study. The university institutional review board accepted this study strategy.

There are six different measures that the young ladies have resulted once they’ve answered the questionnaires on a laptop computer based off their time they spent on social media, appearance related social media consciousness, body surveillance, body comparison, body esteem, and depressive symptoms. These resulted that appearance related social media consciousness were frequent.

This conclude that young women are most likely to use photo based social media in which resulted a woman’s psychological beings, thoughts and behaviors on whether she feels if she attractive to her social media audience. A future recommendation the author suggested is that they conduct this study for a longitudinal time period.

As we continue to women media appearance, this next article focuses on the effects the different social media such as Facebook and Instagram have on a woman’s psychological well-being. The purpose of this study is the relationship between Instagram, Facebook and its psychological outcome and how it decreases in self-physical attractiveness (Sherlock, M., & Wagstaff, D. L. 2018).

The participant was a group of women ages from 18 to 35 years who uses Instagram. The number of participants in this study were 129 women who were recruited from both the authors’ university psychology department and social media as well as throughout the campus. In order to gather this information from the participants, they must give their inform consent. It took the participants 30 to 40 minutes to complete the survey through SurveyMonkey.

The measure used in this study was the 20 item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scaled from Radloff, 1977. This was used to measure depressive symptoms (Sherlock, M., & Wagstaff, D. L. 2018). In this measure, the participant answered questions based off how they felt or behavior. The procedure includes random selections throughout Instagram database of public accounts and searches for 10 of the three hashtags each: beauty, travel, and fitspo.

As a result, Instagram usage is positively correlated with depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, social comparison orientations, physical appearance anxiety, and body image disturbance but negatively correlates with self-esteem (Sherlock, M., & Wagstaff, D. L. 2018). On the other hand, Facebook usage is negatively correlated with psychological outcomes.

To conclude this study, Instagram usage can be harmful to users when they are involved in negative social comparisons. In future studies, the author suggests that effects on different presentation should be found and to inform social media users that negative contrast may affect the usage of social media and its psychological well-being.

Fear may cause depressive symptoms as well as social media. In this article, the author talks about fear of missing out (FoMO) and its correlation to the usage of social media and its negative effects. The purpose of this study is to see the outcome of social media and people fear of missing out and its relating to depressive symptoms, mindful attention, and physical symptoms. People with greater fear of missing out experience these symptoms.

This study was conducted online with 386 male and female participants who attend a enormous diverse university in the southwestern from ages 18 to 64. These participants were recruited online through a system called SONA. For these participants to participate in this study, they must be 18 years old and give informed consent. They were also given course credit if participates.

This study was measure in five different ways, fear of missing out by using the Fear of Missing Out Scale from Przybylski et al 2013, Time spent social networking by asking participants to use their social media for 3 hours and 6 minutes each day, Physical symptoms by watching the participants with Physical Symptoms Checklist from Pennebaker 1982, depressive symptoms which was evaluated by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale by Lewinsohn el al 1997, and lastly the mindful attention which was measured with the 15 item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale from Brown & Ryan 2003 (Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. 2016)

As a result, Fear of Missing Out was complementary to negative physical and depressive symptoms. In closing, Fear of Missing Out correlates with these negative symptoms and that the higher it is the more negative it becomes. The author suggests that future research should analyze how fear of missing out is correlated to other outcomes such as anxiety and health behaviors including drinking, smoking, or even safe sex (Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. 2016).

It is known that Facebook users are likely to attract in social surveillance through peers posting without direct interactions. In this study, it discusses the correlations between social surveillance on Facebook, envy, and depress. The purpose of this study is to see if Facebook usage focusing on surveillance and envy, would increase depression.

The participants in this study were given two wave online survey in August 2013 and 2014 in Germany. The first one had 1,530 participants and the second wave had 841 who completed the first one. They examined the 841 male and female participants who uses Facebook from the ages of 14 to 79 years.

This study only had three measures which were Facebook Surveillance who participated in the two item scale from Eisinge, te Grotenhuis snd Pelzer in 2003, Facebook Envy which participated in a four item survey from Krasnova et al in 2013, and Depression which was evaluated by using a German short form of Beck Depression Inventory by Schmitt, Hubner, & Maes in 2010 (Scherr, S., Toma, C. L., & Schuster, B. (2018). The procedure was conducted by a cross lagged panel.

Under the circumstances, this study shows that there is a positive correlation between Facebook surveillance and depression to expose envy. After one year of envy, Facebook users did not become depressed. In future research, the author suggests seeing how current and noncurrent social media users become depressed by the impact on social media and they should be measure within the time length.

The internet really plays a big part in development. In this study it discusses the measure of online social support scale and how it influences a person in four ways: esteem and emotional support, social companionship, informational support and instrumental support (Nick, E. A., Cole, D. A., Cho, S.-J., Smith, D. K., Carter, T. G., & Zelkowitz, R. L. 2018).

This research had three samples they collected data from. Data been collected from 404 total college individuals and young to middle-age community adult from ages 18 to 42 years old. In sample one, college student participant, there were 98 students from a southeastern private university. There were a couple items being measured for in person social support, cybervictimization experiences, life stress, self-esteem, depressive thoughts and symptoms, response style, and time spent online (Nick, E. A., Cole, D. A., Cho, S.-J., Smith, D. K., Carter, T. G., & Zelkowitz, R. L. 2018).

As a result, the social platforms that were used the most were emails, Snapchat, GroupMe, Facebook, and Instagram.

Everyday social networking sites have been growing and becoming more popular to where the more people use social media, the more it affiliates with negative mental health outcomes such as depressive symptoms. In other cases, there’s been mixed results to where some research exposed positive effects of social media usage. In the article negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: rumination as a mechanism, it investigated if negative comparison with others on Facebook leads to depressive symptoms.

This study took place at Stoney Brook University with 105 males and 108 female’s students who participated from ages 18 and older. The students that participated were enrolled to a psychology course that gave them credit for participating in this research. The study was posted on an online system with the department of psychology at the university and had to complete a follow up assessment afterwards. Out of those participants, 18 of them were excluded due to not completing the measures.

There were four measures to this study which are social comparison on Facebook by using the Social Comparison Rating Scale from Allan & Gilbert in 1995, general social comparison which was assessed with the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure from Gibbons & Buunk in 1999, Rumination which was assessed with Rumination Responses Scales from Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow in 1991, and lastly the depressive symptoms tested using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale by Radloff 1997 (Feinstein, B. A., Hershenberg, R., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., Meuwly, N., & Davila, J. 2013).

As a result, all three variables were positively correlated. They find that their hypothesis was supported and that they were significantly associated with one another.

Social networking that causes depressions can be a high risk for negative behaviors such as self-harm and suicidal. The main reasoning for this article is to comprehend the three variables, depression, self-harm, and suicidal that’s being given on the social media, Tumblr. This can be viewed as an important way to prevent suicide due to social media contact.

As Tumblr relates to depression and self-ham, a total of 3,360 post that were randomly selected were related. There wasn’t any number of participants in this study but as a result, 17 Tumblr accounts posted 185 posts (Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., Connolly, S., Rosas, C., Bharadwaj, M., Bierut, L. J. 2017).

From April 16, 2014 to May 10, 2014, researchers searched the two terms depressed and suicide on Tumblr. Each Tumblr account was viewed individually for demographic information such as gender and age. It was measure through a company that gives social media analytics and measurements. Although 20 Tumblr accounts been collected, only 17 accounts been analysis due to the other 3 being inactive during the period.

As a result of those 17 Tumblr accounts, 9 accounts did not have their demographics listed on their profile. Of those 8 remaining, 6 were females and 2 were males between the ages of 14 to 20 years. This study proved that most post were depression and suicide related and how too much of posts as such can be display harmful behavior such as suicide and self-harm (Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., Connolly, S., Rosas, C., Bharadwaj, M., Bierut, L. J. 2017). As far as limitations, there are plenty that are noted.

The next study, internet paradox, a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being states that the internet can either grow or decrease the involvement in community life and social relationships. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact that the internet has on social and psychological beings.

There were 169 people who participated in this study from 73 households during their first 1 to 2 years online. There were 6 measurements in this research, data collection, demographics and control variable, internet usage, personal electronic mail use, World Wide Web use, and social involvement and psychological well-being. All the data that is collected proved that there were changes in individuals using the internet in a 1 to 2-year p in social involvement and psychological well-being (Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. 1998)

Results were presented into the two sections, social involvement and psychological well being but broken down into sub sections as well. In social involvement resulted family communication, size of participants social networks, and social support. With psychological well-being it resulted in loneliness, stress, and depression.

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