There are thousands and thousands of definitions of the term; there is still a debate about what can be considered propaganda and what cannot. To put it simply: propaganda is an organized attempt to influence the beliefs or actions of a mass audience or to shape its attitudes toward a certain topic through communications. I like this definition, but it can also be criticized. That said, it is important to clarify that propaganda is also a set of methods that suppress the adequate, informed, reflective judgment of the individual.
Propaganda always deals with a mass audience. But despite this, the object of propaganda is each individual.
Mass propaganda emerged in the twentieth century. I believe that the starting point should be World War I, when the mass media achieved great influence and widespread coverage. There is a book by the American researcher Philip Taylor, Ammunition of the Mind. Taylor analyzes when propaganda originated - and how people use it during war. He finds that examples of propaganda techniques can be found even in antiquity. Think of the Trojan Horse, which is also an example of propaganda.
Propaganda always deals with a mass audience.
But despite this, the object of propaganda is each individual
Propaganda is not just RIA Novosti or RT, which sit on state money and which depend on the state budget. Propaganda can appear not only in dependent outlets, it can appear in any media - including those not associated with media and journalism. Propaganda is very close to advertising and public relations in its methods and techniques, because both have a certain manipulation of public opinion. However, their goals and motivations are different.
Marina Ovsyannikova and other journalists of state-run media outlets told me that there are no "methodological guidelines. There is so-called "telephone law," that is, calls from a higher authority to a lower one. This does not lead to "methodological manuals," but it does lead to self-censorship by the editors who set the agenda. And censorship in the state media is the kind of antenna that picks up sentiments from above. We do not yet have totalitarian propaganda, but we are moving towards it.
This is a big debate. When we start researching propaganda, we inevitably come up against the ethics of the process. How does propaganda relate to it at all?
In Churchill's government there was a minister of information, Brandon Brecker. During the war he was in charge of British propaganda - and he thought it was good and bad. Good propaganda is well-intentioned, in his context it was Allied propaganda. But could it be that [pro-Kremlin RT editor-in-chief] Margarita Simonyan is also a supporter of the country and Ukrainians at heart? If we go to Simonyan and interview her, she will probably say that her intentions are sincere. But we can't verify that. How do we build a methodological apparatus that would allow us to find out? One of the patriarchs of public relations research in America, Edward Bernays, wrote a book in the '20s called Propaganda - where he said that what we believe and broadcast is education, and what we don't believe is propaganda. I would argue, but this book also illustrates an important problem of propaganda research--the impossibility of verifying the propagandist's true intentions. A propagandist never reveals the true intent of his message; that is his job.
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About the Book Benjamin, Alepho, and Benson were raised among the Dinka tribe of Sudan. Theirs was an insulated, close-knit world of grass-roofed cottages, cattle herders, and tribal councils. The lions and pythons that prowled beyond the village fences were the greatest threat they knew. …
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Using one of the case studies outlined by Chomsky & Herman in ‘Manufacturing Consent – The Political Economy of the Mass Media’, critically assess the main propositions put forward in their analysis of the mass media. Is the ‘Propaganda Model’ still relevant today? Noam Chomsky …
Propaganda has existed as a method of communication for a long time. It was originally a neutral term used to describe the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. The redefinition implying its now negative connation arose because of the Soviet Union and …
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The “Propoganda of Saints in the Middle Ages” article, written by Esther Cohen, goes over many of the methods the Catholic Church employed to gain power over the people in Europe. Cohen goes through the middle ages by describing how the Catholic Church was spreading …
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George Gittoes Case Study George Gittoes, born 1949 in Rockdale Sydney, NSW has trained at, The Yellow House, Sydney, NSW 1970-1971, Art Students’ league, New York, USA and The University of Sydney in 1968. George is an artist of many talents, he is known as …
Role of Media in Kargil Anshu Bhatia PGP2- 18012 Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction3 Literature Review3 Discussion of the case5 Analysis and conclusion6 Bibliography7 Abstract This paper attempts at evaluating the role of media in the Kargil war, which broke out in the summer of …
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Present this task in the form of a discussion between two personalities. Base your response on your prescribed text and at least three other related texts of your own choosing. Introduction music to ‘Oprah’ plays. Oprah Winfrey walks onstage, waving to the audience. Oprah: My …
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