Barry Allahyar Dr. Dodd CHEM 2122 2010-09-16 Experiment 19: Fischer Esterification, Conclusion The objective in this experiment was to efficiently perform an Fischer esterification of 1-butanol and acetic acid to form water and n-butyl acetate, and to confirm the esterification using IR spectroscopy analysis. It …
Part 1 – Purpose The purpose of the lab is to better understand electrophilic aromatic substitution by carrying out the nitration of methyl benzoate Part II – Results Substances Used: Formulas Used Grams to Milliliters for Methyl Benzoate: Theoretical Yield of Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate: Percent Yield: …
The Effect of Solvent Exposure and Temperature on Beet Cell Membrane Integrity Introduction: Cell membranes are vital to proper cellular function • Cell membranes consist of a lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids • Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules meaning they have a dual nature in …
Abstract Invertase is a type of enzyme, a natural catalytic agent for biochemical reactions, which can be obtained in Baker’s Yeast. Determination of the effect of pH on invertase activity is the primary objective of the experiment. The dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) Assay method is …
The objective of this experiment was to observe multi-step purification of benzoic acid after performing the extraction from a mixture containing benzoic acid, cellulose, and methyl orange. Recrystallization was done to remove impurities from the sample. The amount of BA recovered during recrystallization is much …
Beets, botanically known as Beta Vulgaris. The leaves have been eaten before, but the beetroot was generally used medicinally before 1800’s. Scientific background for beetroot is that the pigments cannot go through membranes but they leak out when the beetroot is getting heated or when …
The Problem – Its Background Our environment today is experiencing a lot of superfluous phenomena like floods, earthquakes and other incidents and pollution is the root of all of these incidents. Serving the environment would be a big help to Mother Earth. The researchers decided …
Molecules of Life Computer Assignment A) What characteristics are typical of molecules that are gases at room temperature? Molecules that are gases at room temperature tend to be smaller in size. This causes it to have a small molecular masses and has a relatively weak …
Collision Theory The theory proposes that molecules must collide in a particular way with a certain amount of energy to ultimately form a new product. This is because only a select portion of molecules during a reaction have enough energy and the correct orientation to …
Safety is of extreme importance onboard ships. There have been many ship related accidents and incidents that have claimed many lives. One such common accident would be fire eruptions onboard ships. Due to the high figure of such fatal happenings, MARPOL and SOLAS have been …
The bob]active of the Melting Point Lab was to learn the technique of melting point determination. Also, to discover the identity of an unknown compound from using the mixed melting point method. Introduction: The range of temperatures between the temperature at which the first crystal …
My new pet is a dog. They are so loving, caring and a true friend. My little dog, Jingle, is a living example of what love is all about and he is my little treasure and holds a special place in my heart. Where in …
1. When we say that something gives us “energy”, what does that mean? What is a biological definition of energy? When we say that something gives us “energy” it means we can get sugars or carbohydrates and lipids from that. Humans need to eat carbohydrates …
Vidallon, Mark Louis P. Date Performed: February 20, 2012 CHEM44. 1 2LDate Submitted: March 12, 2012 MIXED-ALDOL CONDENSATION Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde I. Introduction Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde or 3-phenyl-2-propenal is the major constituent of cinnamon oil, extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum, C. burmanii, …
Climate change is a by-product of green house gases because when gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. are in excess in the atmosphere, it will have an adverse effect on its structure. Its biggest side effect will be in the form of an …
An essential element of chemistry is finding reaction rates. This is because chemists need to know how long a reaction should take. In addition to needing to know the rate of a reaction at any point in time to monitor how the reaction is proceeding. …
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to investigate the radiation laws (Lambert’s Distance, Cosine Law and Stefan-Boltzmann Law) using thermal and optical radiation. This experiment was carried out with the assistance of the Thermal Radiation Apparatus which consists of a heat source (that provides …
Although ocean or marine pollution has a long history, meaningful international laws were enacted only in the twentieth century to deal with it. Concerns over marine pollution were expressed at several United Nations conventions regarding sea and ocean legislation in the early 1950s. Many scientists …
Table 1 Trial Number The Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M) ±0. 2 ml Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g) ±0. 1 Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g) ±0. 1 1 0. 0 7. 7 9. 3 2 – 6. 0 8. 1 3 – …
To determine the Kf for naphthalene, we need to find the difference in the freezing point of pure naphthalene and the solution of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in naphthalene. Let’s say that we did this experiment, used 1. 00 g 1,4-dichlorobenzene in 10. 00 g naphthalene, and found …
Abstract The experiment focuses on how to classify organic compounds by its functional groups. It is done by preliminary test and with the solubility test. Preliminary test used two known compounds also the unknowns. Physical state, color, odor, and ignition test were noted. The known …
Hair coloring Definition of hair coloring: Hair coloring is the practice of changing the color of hair. The main reason for this practice are cosmetic, e. g. to cover gray hair, to change to a color regarded as more fashionable or desirable, and to restore …
The fastest way to cool a soda deals a lot with heat transfer. Heat is a measure of the average molecular motion of matter and can be transferred from one piece of matter to another in four different ways which are conduction, convection, evaporation, and …
The effect of sucrose concentration on the rate of osmosis across a potato’s cell membrane submerged for 94 hours in the solutation. Background Information Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules across a partially permeable membrane. They move from a region of low concentration (hypotonic) …
The reaction rate of the reaction plays an important role in the production of the ester which could affect the production of the ester. Esterification is a reversible reaction and thus this affects the amount of ester produced as ester hydrolysis changes it back to …
In biology, osmosis Is defined as the diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water molecules) across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. Osmosis Is of great importance In biological processes where the solvent Is water. …
Statement of the Problem General problem How could we use coconut shells to come up to an activated carbon fiber? Specific problem What would be the duration of transforming the coconut shells to be activated carbon? How can activated carbon fiber help to filter air …
Abstract Yeast is widely used for making bread, beer, and wine. People all over the world drink and eat those products. This projects looks at which fruit juice with a higher percentage of sugar will produce more fermentation. The original purpose of this experiment was …
CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH PROBLEM BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Now days, exporting is hard in the Philippines hence the country is not that good in means of transportation because of the gap between the islands and provinces; and not all places have good roads. This …
Yogurt Fermentation Yogurt is made by lactic acid fermentation. The main (starter) cultures in yogurt are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The function of the starter cultures is to ferment lactose (milk sugar) to produce lactic acid. The increase in lactic acid decreases pH and …
Conjugation
The word "conjugation" is derived from a Latin word that means "to link together". In organic chemistry terms, it is used to describe the situation that occurs when π systems (e.g. double bonds) are "linked together". An "isolated" π (pi) system exists only between a single pair of adjacent atoms (e.g. C=C)
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with objects in motion. Potential energy is the type of energy associated with an object's potential to do work. Chemical energy is the type of energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds and can be harnessed for metabolic processes.
Physics
Chemical physics is concerned with the application of the concepts and theories of physics to the analysis of chemical systems and their physical behaviour. While also at the interface between physics and chemistry, it is distinct from physical chemistry.
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