Modeling and Simulation of Wind Turbine System

Chapter 5

Modeling and Simulation of Wind Turbine System

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1. STANDALONE WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
2. Size OF WIND SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The sizing methodological analysis adopted for the bing Wind power system for the small town Umrikheda is explained consistently as follows:

1. Calculation of electric burden

The burden of small-town Umrikheda 150 kWh/day can be operated by the proposed base entirely weave energy system. The elaborate size methodological analysis adopted for the day-to-day electrical burden of the distant small town Umrikheda which is operated by the present WIND system is given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Electrical burden of small-town Umrikheda

The entire day-to-day electric burden of the small town

The designed burden for the air current energy system must be higher than the entire electrical burden of the location because at the clip of operation burden fluctuations and power losingss are occurs in the air current turbine system.

The designed burden for the air current turbine system

From equation ( 5.2 ) the day-to-day electrical ingestion for the planing of air current turbine energy system is obtained as 225 kWh/day. Factor 1.5 is known as the Fudge factor. This accounts for efficiency losings, wiring and interconnectedness losingss, and besides the battery charging and discharging losingss in the WES constituents.

2. size of air current turbine

The selected air current turbine must fit the air current features at the site and it should bring forth optimal energy with a high capacity factor ( CF ) to run into the electrical energy demand. The Turbine size is determined by utilizing Eq. ( 5.4 ) . Based on the power equation of air current turbine the diameter of the turbine is considered 18 m so that the swept country of the air current turbine for the bing power system is obtained with the usage of diameter. The power equation for air and turbine are given as follows.

Where ? is the air denseness and its value is 1.225, C_Phosphorusis power coefficient with changeless value 0.59, A is the swept country of the selected air current turbine and V is the mean hourly air current velocity of the location which is 4.5 m/sec. based on Eq. ( 5.4 ) the power of one air current turbine is obtained as 8.38 kilowatt. The entire figure of wind turbines required to carry through the load demand of the location is 27 turbines each of 8.38-kilowatt capacities.

3. Sizing of the battery bank

The battery bank size in kW hr can be determined by the Eq. ( 5.5 ) . For bettering the life of the battery and for back-to-back cloudy years the figure of autonomy years is considered as 3 years in the proposed air current power system. The deep cycling will be occasional during nebulose years and therefore better the battery life. The three years of liberty were used by zero energy visitants center ( ZEVC ) located at the Van Ness Campus of University of the District of Columbia as reported in 2006 by the Center of Excellence for Renewable Energy ( CERE ) [ 7 ].

Battery bank Size

Here the figure of autonomy years is considered 3 years and the maximal deepness of discharge for the battery bank is taken 75 %. The size of the battery bank is 900 kWh calculated by Eq. ( 5.5 ).

4. The capacity of the battery bank

The capacity of the battery bank in ampere-hours can be evaluated by splitting the safe energy storage required by the DC electromotive force of one battery as shown in Eq. ( 5.6 ) . In the bing system, we have chosen the evaluation of battery is 12 V and 350 Ah.

Harmonizing to the obtained capacity of the battery bank from Eq. ( 5.6 ) , another determination has to be made using the capacity of each of the batteries of that bank. The battery bank is composed of batteries that are connected in series and in parallel harmonizing to the selected battery electromotive force evaluation and the system demands.

5. Number of batteries

The entire figure of batteries is obtained by splitting the capacity C of the battery bank in ampere-hours by the capacity of one of the batteries selected in ampere-hours which are calculated by Eq. ( 5.7 ).

The figure of batteries required for the system is obtained from the Eq. ( 5.7 ) is 214.28 which is rounded to 216 batteries. The connexion of batteries can easily be figured out by happening out the figure of series and parallel affiliated batteries. With system DC-voltage of 48 V, the figure of batteries connected in series is obtained by Eq. ( 5.8 ).

The figure of series-connected batteries is determined by Eq. ( 5.8 ) which is 4. With the usage of this value, we can cipher the batteries connected in analog or the figure of strings by Eq. ( 5.9 ) which is as follows.

No. of strings ( batteries connected in analog)

The figure of parallel strings of four series-connected batteries is determined by Eq. ( 5.9 ). The entire figure of batteries is 216 which can be arranged in 54 parallel strings and each of the twines consists of 4 series-connected batteries. The Ah capacity of the battery bank gets added when batteries are connected in analog and remains the same when batteries are connected in series.

6. Converter sizing

The convertor size is chosen as it fulfills the burden demand when the system is non-running. The dc electromotive force of the bing system is 48 V so the convertor must be chosen which takes the Ac end product from the air current turbine and change over it into 48 V District of Columbia. The evaluation of convertor should ne'er be lower than the system evaluation, it is ever 10 % higher than the system evaluation. The size of the converter for the present system can be calculated by Eq. ( 5.10 ).

The mean power of the contraptions that may run at the same time at the same clip is taken as 40 kilowatts. So the needed converter must be capable of managing 40 kilowatts.

2. Cost OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. Cost of the turbine

The turbine is the dwelling of four chief constituents as Blades, Hub, nose cone, and tower. The cost of all these constituents is summed up for finding the entire cost of the air current turbine. The below look shows the entire cost of the turbine as follows.

In the present survey, we have used WES 5 Tulip type air current turbine. The cost of one air current turbine is a‚? 51000 and the entire cost of air current turbines are obtained as a‚? 1,377,000.

2. Cost of the battery bank

The cost of the battery bank can be calculated on the footing of the existent size of the battery bank. The cost of the battery bank can be calculated by the Eq. ( 5.12 ) . The cost of one battery bank is multiplied by the entire figure of batteries to cipher the coat of the battery bank.

The cost of one battery of the bank is a‚? 13000 as reported by SECO [ 6 ] and besides reported on the website [ 13 ].

3. Cost of convertor

The cost of convertor can be calculated by Eq. ( 5.13 )

The cost of convertor determined by Eq. ( 13 ) is a‚? 178479824.

4. Capital investing cost of air current energy system ( C_O)

The capital cost of air current power system includes the construction cost and the cost of land used for the system. In the present survey, the land required for putting air current turbines and batteries is 5000 pess². The cost of land in the proposed small town Umrikheda is 555.5 Rs/feet². So, the entire monetary value of land is a‚? 2,800,000 approximate. The capital investment cost of the air current system is calculated by Eq. ( 5.14 ).

The balance of system or construction cost is about 20 % of the entire air current system constituent cost which is widely assumed all over the universe as reported by SECO [ 6 ] Besides, assume that cost of securing the land for the air current energy system is 20 % of the entire air current system component cost. Based on these premises, the capital cost ( C_O) for the air current system is determined to utilize above combining weight. ( 5.14 ) .

5. Operating and care cost of the system

The operating and care cost for the proposed system is 2 % of the capital cost of the system. The computation of the operating and care cost is as given by Eq. ( 5.15 )

The operating and care cost is added to the capital investment cost of the system to happen out the modified cost of the system. So, the modified capital investing cost of the system is a‚? 10,734,233.24 with the usage of Eqq. ( 5.14 ) and ( 5.15 ).

3. LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS FOR WT SYSTEM

1. The replacement cost of the battery bank system

In the present Wind energy system, the life of air current turbine and the battery is considered as 30 old ages and 5 ears severally and the life rhythm cost analysis is based on the life clip of both the turbine and the battery. The subsidized involvement rate usually offered by authorities sectors in India to advance the usage of renewable energy applications is 4 %. So, we have taken the rate of involvement is 4 % for our system. In India, the old batteries are replaced on a discount of 7 % on the entire cost of the battery. With the premise of unvarying replacing of battery throughout the life of the system, the replacing cost of battery bank after 5 old ages is calculated by Eq. ( 5.16 )

In the present system, the replacing cost of batteries is obtained as a‚? 2611440.

2. Present Battery bank cost

The present cost of a battery bank for future investments at every five old ages interval can be determined by combining weight. ( 5.17 ) as follows:

( 5.17 )

The present battery bank cost is obtained as a‚? 7547648.06 with a 4 % involvement rate. 4 % is the subsidized involvement rate usually offered by authorities sectors in India to advance the usage of renewable energy applications. In this life rhythm cost analysis, the salvage value ( S ) of WT system at the terminal of 30 old ages life was assumed to equal to the present cost of balance of system since the depreciation of balance of system was considered tantamount to the rate of escalation in the monetary value of structural steel per kilogram.

3. Present Salvage value of WT system

The present salvage value of the system can be calculated by Eq. ( 5.18 )

4. Net Present cost of WT system

The net present cost of the WT system ( C_Internet) is determined as summing up of capital investing ( C_O), all other cost constituents converted into present cost and subtracted by the present salvage value. The net present cost of the PV system was determined to utilize Eq. ( 5.19 ) as follows:

5. Annualized Lifecycle Cost of WT system

The annualized life rhythm cost of the WT power system over the 30 old ages lifetime is expressed mathematically utilizing Eq. ( 5.20 ) [ 14 ] as follows

6. Capacity use factor ( CUF )

The capacity use factor can be calculated by the undermentioned Eq. ( 5.21 ) . The CUF is calculated to ease the unit cost of electricity.

The CUF is obtained by the above Eq. which is basically a step of electrical energy generated per KW of installed capacity per twelvemonth.

7. Capital recovery factor ( CRF )

The below Eq. ( 5.22 ) shows the look of the capital recovery factor. It is used to find the sum of each hereafter rente payment required to roll up a given present value for known values of involvement rates and figure of payments.

4 % is the subsidized involvement rate usually offered by authorities sectors in India to advance the usage of renewable energy applications.

8. Unit of measurement cost of electricity ( UCE )

Using the capacity use factor the unit cost of electricity can be calculated by below Eq. ( 5.23 ) .

Where C_Ois the capital cost, m is the fraction of capital cost used on operation and care of the system and P is the capacity of the air current power coevals system.

9. Payback period

The EPBT signifies the clip period required by energy output for counterbalancing the energy investments on the Stand Alone Wind Turbine power works. The energy payback clip for the bing SAWT system installed on steel construction over the land surface can be calculated based on the below Eq. ( 5.24 ) .

The payback period for the proposed Wind Turbine system is calculated as 14.43 old ages with a‚? 9 Per unit cost of the system running for 30 old ages.

4. Carbon monoxide₂EMISSION MITIGATION AND CARBON CREDIT POTENTIAL FROM PROPOSED SAWT SYSTEM

The C recognition potency of the Windpower system is determined on the footing of the entire sum of CO₂emanations extenuation from the system in its life clip. The Co₂emanation and C recognition potency is given by the below expression.

1. Co₂emanation mitigated from WT system

Conversion of Energy through Wind Turbine ( WT ) system is one of the more dependable and environmentally friendly renewable energy engineerings which have the possibility to lend significantly in the development of sustainable energy systems for coevals of power. It besides plays an of import function in CO₂emanations extenuation. To cipher, the entire CO₂emanations mitigated from the present SAPV power system a mathematical calculation is carried out. The mean strength of CO₂emanation from coal thermic power works in India is 1.57 kg/kWh [ 1, 16 ]. The entire extenuation of CO₂emanations from the bing SAWT system for 30 old ages life can be calculated utilizing Eq. ( 5.25 ) as follows:

( 5.25 )

An air current turbine power system does non disperse immense sum of heat energy into the environing environment and saves a big sum of CO₂emanations. Hence, WT systems are eco-friendly systems and a good option for power coevals and must be preferred where electricity is non-available or grid power is costlier.

Carbon Credit potency of proposed WT system

The entire sum of C recognition earned by the proposed Wind Turbine power system can be calculated by the undermentioned Eq. ( 5.26 ) as follows.

( 5.26 )

The factor considered in Eq. ( 5.26 ) is a‚? 1760/ton of CO₂extenuation represents the pecuniary value of one C recognition for extenuation of 1 ton of CO₂emanation [ 18 ].

2. The consequence of C recognition potency

The CO₂emanation extenuation from the bing power system is estimated as 88.31 tons/year from Eq. ( 5.25 ) for n peers to 1 twelvemonth. The entire CO₂emanation mitigated by bing PV system in 30 old ages life clip is estimated utilizing Eq. ( 5.25 ) as 2649.375 dozen. The C recognition from the bing WT system is obtained utilizing Eqq. ( 5.25 ) and ( 5.26 ). The C recognition affects the unit cost of electricity produced from a non-polluting WT power system.

1. Consequence

The life rhythm cost analysis is carried out for the presented standalone Wind Turbine power system and the cardinal consequences obtained are listed in Table 5.4. The unit electricity cost utilizing Wind Turbine systems was estimated as a‚? 9/kWh for the involvement rate of 4 %, 30 old age life of WT system, and 5 old age life of battery bank.

Table 5.2: Consequences of WT power system

The energy consumed by the burden per twelvemonth was determined as 56250 kWh/year and matching CO2 emanation mitigated is estimated as 88.31 tons/year. The entire CO2 emanation mitigated by bing PV system in 30 old ages life clip was estimated utilizing Eq. ( 5.25 ) as 2649.375 dozen.

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