Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Exam 1

Introduction to Anatomy 

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• What is the definition of anatomy?
• What is the definition of physiology?
• What is homeostasis?
• What are the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained?
• What are the directional terms used to find things in the body?

For example, what are the medical terms for the following? 

• What are the major cavities of the body?
• What are the planes of the body?
• What are the body regions?
•  What are the four abdominal quadrants and what major organs are found in each quadrant? What are the levels of the organization and what is the order?

Chemistry

• What are the four major elements of the body?
• What are the lesser or trace elements of the body?
• What are the three subatomic particles and what charge do they carry?
• What is an isotope?
• What is the difference between an atom and an element?
• What are the three major types of chemical bonds? How do they differ?  Give examples for each.
• What three atoms are associated with hydrogen bonding?
• What are the two major types of chemical reactions?
• Do you make or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?
• What is the major atom/element contained in organic compounds?
• What is acid?
• What is the base?
• What is pH the measure of?
• If aspirin is a weakly acidic drug, where is it most likely to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract? Why?
• Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base?
• Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base?
• What are the four major types of organic compounds?
• What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
• What are the examples of lipids?
• What are the examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins?
• What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not?
• What are the two major types of nucleic acids?
• What are the two major types of purines?
• What are the three major types of pyrimidines?
• Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bonds hold them together?
• What is DNA?
• What is RNA?
• What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) composed of?
• What are the two major parts of metabolism?
• What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells
• What is the plasma membrane composed of? What is the function of the plasma membrane?
• What are the two different types of plasma membrane proteins?
• What are the three functions of membrane proteins?
• Where are glycolipids only found?
• What are the three major types of membrane junctions?
• What are their functions?
• What is osmosis?
• What is diffusion?
• What are the two major types?
• What is active transport?
• What are the major types?
• What is endocytosis/exocytosis?
• What are the different types of endocytosis?
• What is phagocytosis?
• What is pinocytosis?
• What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis?
• What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol?
• What are the major organelles of the cell?
• What are their functions?

For example, what is the function of the following organelles? 

• Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Endoplasmic reticulum? Smooth?
• Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cytoskeleton o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more)
• What are cilia?
• What is the nucleus? What does it contain?
• What is chromatin? What is the cell cycle?
• When is DNA replicated?
• What does the cell undergo cell division?
• What is mitosis?
• What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis?
• What are the phases of meiosis?
• What is transcription? From what to what?
• What is translation? From what to what? Tissues
• What makes up tissues?
• What are the 4 different types of tissues?
• What are the different types of epithelial tissues?
• How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o Stratified o Pseudostratified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more)
• Where are these epithelial tissues located?
• What are the major functions of each?
• What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you find goblet cells?
• What is the function of goblet cells?
• What are the different types of exocrine glands? (Structures)
• What is the difference between merocrine and holocrine glands?
• What are the different types of connective tissues?
• What are their (above) functions and where are they found?
• What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue?
• What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?
• What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities?
• What are the characteristics of each?
• What happens in tissue repair? Skin Tissue
• What are the 3 major regions of the skin?
• What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? What are their functions?
• What are the 4 or 5 layers of the epidermis?
• Where do you find stratum lucidum?
• What is also called the basal layer? What is also called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the prickly layer? What do you find in this layer?
• What is also called the granular layer?
• Where do you find each type?
• What are the different types of growth for cartilage and which direction do they occur?

Appositional o Interstitial 

• Is cartilage vascular?
• What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton?
• What are the 4 major shape classifications for bone?
• What are some major functions of bone?
• What are the major bone markings and how are they described?  Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o Meatus o Sinus o Fossa o Groove o Fissure o Foramen
• What is: o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis?  Epiphyseal line? o Periosteum? o Medullary cavity?
• Is bone vascular?
• What type of tissue is bone?
• What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance?  Fibers?  Cells?
• What types of bones contain spongy bone?
• What is the function of red bone marrow?  In infants?  In adults?
• What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
• What is the functional (or basic) unit of the bone?
• What are Haversian systems (or osteons)?
• What are the functional zones in long bone growth? o What are the 3 zones?
• How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure?
• How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)?
• What are the two hormones released at puberty?  What type of closure occurs as a result? what type of growth does this closure end?
• What is the difference between bone deposition and resorption?
• What is calcium used for?
• What is the function of calcitonin?
• Where does it come from?
• What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
• What is Wolff’s law?
• Fractures? Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick
• What are the stages of bone healing?

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