Organotin Contamination In Hong Kong Waters

Working rubric:

Spatial comparing of organotin taint in common seafood species collected in Hong Kong Waters

Background of the survey

Order custom essay Organotin Contamination In Hong Kong Waters with free plagiarism report

450+ experts on 30 subjects Starting from 3 hours delivery

Get Essay Help

Organotin compounds are used for an assortment of applications, including antifouling pigments for ship hulls, wood preservatives, and UV stabilizers in plastics. Organotin compounds are considered to be one of the hormone disruptors since legion Marine beings exposed to tributyltin ( TBT ) or triphentyltin ( TPT ) exhibit sexual abnormalcies. Organotin compounds are hydrophobic due to the presence of hydrocarbon substituents and therefore their solubility in H2O is comparatively little.

Wide distribution, high hydrophobicity, and continuity of organotin compounds have raised concern about their bioaccumulation, they are possible biomagnification in the nutrient webs. In the consciousness of the unsought impacts of TBT, attempts have been undertaken in order to happen as a planetary solution to this job and legal demands have been enforced to protect the aquatic environment. The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) called for a planetary pact that bans the application of TBT-based pigments get downing 1 January 2003, and entire prohibition by 1 January 2008.

Several carnal experiments have suggested that the spectrum of possible inauspicious chronic systemic effects of organotins in worlds is rather wide and includes primary immunosuppressive, endocrinopathy, neurotoxic metabolic, and enzymatic activity, every bit good as a possible eyepiece, cuticular, cardiovascular, upper respiratory, pneumonia, GI, blood dyscrasias, reproductive/teratogenic/developmental, liver, kidney, bioaccumulative, and perchance carcinogenic activity.

Hong Kong is an international port and the largest container throughout the universe. Besides vessel activity in Hong Kong is continuously increasing within the see boundary ( 1600 kilometer²). Most sea traffic are intense around Victoria Harbour. It is between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula.

These activities/facilities are major beginnings to let go of organotins compounds to the local Marine environment. Besides, vessel-based pollutants can come from other countries. For illustration, Yan Tian Port ( Shen Zhen ). It is located near to Hong Kong boundary and started operation from 1996. With rapid development in sea traffic, organotins is an of import contamination in Hong Kong Waters.

Hypothesis for the undertaking:

• Ship activity is the chief beginning of organotin compounds.
• Organotins can be accumulated through nutrient concatenation

Overall undertaking purpose:

• Analyze more than 6 compounds ( including TPT ).
• Comparison of taint degree in different territories in Hong Kong.
• Comparison of taint degree in different species of common seafood.
• Investigate the jobs caused by the organotin taint.
• Determine the beginnings of organotin.
• And, seek to happen out the solution the prevent farther taint.

Agenda:

Reference

1. Cadmium Commission Directive 2002/62/EC of 9 July 2002. O J Eur Commun 2002; L183:58–9.
2. EU-SCOOP. Revised appraisal of the hazards to wellness and the environment associated with the usage of the four organotin compounds TBT, DBT, DOT, and TPT. Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection; 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk_committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_047.pdf Accessed: 03/10/2014.
3. Galloway, T. S. ( 2006 ). Biomarkers in environmental and human wellness hazard appraisal.Marine pollution bulletin,53( 10 ), 606-613.
4. IMO. International Marine Organisation. International convention on the control of harmful antifouling systems on ships; 2001.
5. Hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp? topic_id=529 Accessed: 01/10/2014.
6. Leung, K. M., Kwong, R. P., Ng, W. C., Horiguchi, T., Qiu, J. W., Yang, R., ... & A; Lam, P. K. ( 2006 ). Ecological hazard appraisals of hormone interrupting organotin compounds utilizing marine neogastropods in Hong Kong.Chemosphere,65( 6 ) , 922-938.
7. Marine Department of Hong Kong SAR, 2005. Port of Hong Kong in Figures. 2005 Edition.
8. Nakanishi, T. ( 2007 ). Potential toxicity of organotin compounds via atomic receptor signaling in mammals.Journal of wellness scientific discipline,53( 1 ), 1-9.
9. Takahashi, S., Mukai, H., Tanabe, S., Takayama, K., Miyazaki, T., & A; Masuno, H. ( 1999 ). Butyltin residues in livers of worlds and wild tellurian mammals and in fictile merchandise. Environmental Pollution,106( 2 ), 213-218.
10. Veltman, K., Huijbregts, M. A., Van den Heuvel-Greve, M. J., Vethaak, A. D. , & A; Hendriks, A. J. ( 2006 ) . Organotin accretion in an estuarial nutrient concatenation: Comparing field measurements with theoretical account appraisals.Marine environmental research, 61( 5 ),511-530.
11. WHO-IPCS. World Health Organisation. International Programme on chemical safety. Tributyl compounds. Environmental wellness standards 116; 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc116.htm Accessed: 03/10/2014.
12. Yamabe, Y. , Hoshino, A., Imura, N., Suzuki, T., & A; Himeno, S. ( 2000 ). Enhancement of androgen-dependent written text and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin in human prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells.Toxicology and applied pharmacological medicine,169( 2 ), 177-184.
13. Yi, A. X. , Leung, K. M., Lam, M. H., Lee, J. S., & A; Giesy, J. P. ( 2012 ). Review of mensural concentrations of triphenyltin compounds in marine ecosystems and meta-analysis of their hazards to worlds and the environment.Chemosphere,89( 9 ), 1015-1025.

Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Run a free check or have your essay done for you

Check my essay Hire Writer