Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (German: [? v? lf??? ama? deus ? mo? tsa? t], English see fn. [1]), baptismal name Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart[2] (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. He composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg.Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty.

At 17 he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position, always composing abundantly. While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of Mozart's death.The circumstances of his early death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons. Mozart learned voraciously from others, and developed a brilliance and maturity of style that encompassed the light and graceful along with the dark and passionate.

His influence on subsequent Western art music is profound. Beethoven wrote his own early compositions in the shadow of Mozart, of whom Joseph Haydn wrote that "posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years. "[3] Biography Family and early yearsWolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to Leopold and Anna Maria Pertl Mozart at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg, capital of the sovereign Archbishopric of Salzburg, in what is now Austria but, at the time, was part of the Bavarian Circle in the Holy Roman Empire. His only sibling to survive past birth was Maria Anna (1751–1829), called "Nannerl". Wolfgang was baptized the day after his birth at St. Rupert's Cathedral. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart.

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He generally called himself "Wolfgang Amade Mozart"[4] as an adult, but there were many variants. His father Leopold (1719–1787) was from Augsburg. He was deputy Kapellmeister to the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg, a minor composer, and an experienced teacher. In the year of Mozart's birth, his father published a violin textbook, Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule, which achieved success. When Nannerl was seven, she began keyboard lessons with her father; and her three-year-old brother would look on, evidently fascinated.Years later, after his death, she reminisced: He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was always striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good. [.

.. ] In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier. [... ] He could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping exactly in time.

[... ] At the age of five, he was already composing little pieces, which he played to his father who wrote them down. [5] These early pieces, K. 1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch.Biographer Maynard Solomon[6] notes that, while Leopold was a devoted teacher to his children, there is evidence that Wolfgang was keen to make progress beyond what he was being taught.

His first ink-spattered composition and his precocious efforts with the violin were on his own initiative and came as a great surprise to Leopold. [7] Leopold eventually gave up composing when his son's outstanding musical talents became evident. [8] He was Wolfgang's only teacher in his earliest years and taught his children languages and academic subjects as well as music. 6] 1762–1773: Years of travel During Mozart's youth, his family made several European journeys in which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an exhibition, in 1762, at the court of the Prince-elector Maximilian III of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial Court in Vienna and Prague. A long concert tour pning three and a half years followed, taking the family to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London, The Hague, again to Paris, and back home via Zurich, Donaueschingen, and Munich.During this trip, Mozart met a great number of musicians and acquainted himself with the works of other composers.

A particularly important influence was Johann Christian Bach, whom Mozart visited in London in 1764 and 1765. The family again went to Vienna in late 1767 and remained there until December 1768. These trips were often arduous. Travel conditions were primitive;[10] the family had to wait for invitations and reimbursement from the nobility. [11] They endured long, near-fatal illnesses far from home: first Leopold (London, summer 1764)[12] then both children (The Hague, autumn 1765). 13] After one year in Salzburg, father and son set off for Italy, leaving Wolfgang's mother and his sister at home. This travel lasted from December 1769 to March 1771.

As with earlier journeys, Leopold wanted to display his son's abilities as a performer and a rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang met G. B. Martini, in Bologna, and was accepted as a member of the famous Accademia Filarmonica. In Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere once in performance in the Sistine Chapel.He wrote it out in its entirety from memory, only returning to correct minor errors—thus producing the first illegal copy of this closely guarded property of the Vatican. In Milan, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed with success.

This led to further opera commissions. He returned with his father later twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October 1772 – March 1773) for the composition and premieres of Ascanio in Alba (1771) and Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold hoped these visits would result in a professional appointment for his son in Italy, but these hopes were never fulfilled. 14] Toward the end of the final Italian journey, Mozart wrote the first of his works to be still widely performed today, the solo cantata Exsultate, jubilate, K. 165. 1773–1777: The Salzburg court After finally returning with his father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was employed as a court musician by the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. The composer had a great number of friends and admirers in Salzburg.

[15] He had the opportunity to work in many genres, composing symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, serenades, and a few minor operas.Several of these early works are still performed today. Between April and December 1775, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos, producing a series of five (the only ones he ever wrote), which steadily increased in their musical sophistication. The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are now staples of the repertoire.

In 1776 he turned his efforts to piano concertos, culminating in the E-flat concerto K. 271 of early 1777, considered by critics to be a breakthrough work. [16] Despite these artistic successes, Mozart grew increasingly discontent with Salzburg nd redoubled his efforts to find a position elsewhere. One reason was his low salary, 150 florins a year;[17] Mozart also longed to compose operas, and Salzburg provided only rare occasions for these. The situation worsened in 1775 when the court theater was closed, especially since the other theater in Salzburg was largely reserved for visiting troupes. [18] Two long expeditions in search of work (both Leopold and Wolfgang were looking) interrupted this long Salzburg stay: they visited Vienna, from 14 July to 26 September 1773, and Munich, from 6 December 1774 to March 1775.Neither visit was successful, though the Munich journey resulted in a popular success with the premiere of Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.

[19] 1777–1778: The Paris journey In August 1777, Mozart resigned his Salzburg position[20] and, on 23 September, ventured out once more in search of employment, with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Paris, and Munich. [21] Since Archbishop Colloredo would not give Leopold leave to travel, Mozart's mother Anna Maria accompanied him. Mozart became acquainted with members of the famous orchestra in Mannheim, the best in Europe at the time.He also fell in love with Aloysia Weber, one of four daughters in a musical family. There were prospects of employment in Mannheim, but they came to nothing, and Mozart left for Paris on 14 March 1778[22] to continue his search. One of his letters from Paris hints at a possible post as an organist at Versailles, but Mozart was not interested in such an appointment. [23] He fell into debt and took to pawning valuables.

[24] The nadir of the visit occurred when Mozart's mother took ill and died on 3 July 1778. [25] There had been delays in calling a doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because of a lack of funds. 26] While Wolfgang was in Paris, Leopold was pursuing opportunities for him back in Salzburg,[27] and, with the support of local nobility, secured him a post as court organist and concertmaster. The yearly salary was 450 florins,[28] but Wolfgang was reluctant to accept. [29]After leaving Paris on 26 September 1778, he tarried in Mannheim and Munich, still hoping to obtain an appointment outside Salzburg. In Munich, he again encountered Aloysia, now a very successful singer, but she made it plain that she was no longer interested in him. 30] Mozart finally reached home on 15 January 1779 and took up the new position, but his discontent with Salzburg was undiminished.

The A minor piano sonata K. 310/300d and the "Paris" Symphony (no. 31) are among several well-known works from Mozart's time in Paris, where they were performed on 12 June and 18 June 1778. [31] 1781: Departure to Vienna In January 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with "considerable success" in Munich. [33] The following March the composer was summoned to Vienna, where his employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending the celebrations for the accession of Joseph II to the Austrian throne.Mozart, fresh from the adulation he had earned in Munich, was offended when Colloredo treated him as a mere servant and particularly when the archbishop forbade him to perform before the Emperor at Countess Thun's for a fee equal to half of his yearly Salzburg salary. The resulting quarrel came to a head in May: Mozart attempted to resign and was refused.

The following month, permission was granted but in a grossly insulting way: the composer was dismissed literally "with a kick in the ass", administered by the archbishop's steward, Count Arco.Mozart decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer and composer. [34] The quarrel with the archbishop went harder for Mozart because his father sided against him. Hoping fervently that he would obediently follow Colloredo back to Salzburg, Leopold exchanged intense letters with his son, urging him to be reconciled with their employer. Wolfgang passionately defended his intention to pursue an independent career in Vienna. The debate ended when Mozart was dismissed by the archbishop, freeing himself both of his employer and his father's demands to return.Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation as a "revolutionary step", and it greatly altered the course of his life.

[35] Early Vienna years Mozart's new career in Vienna began well. He performed often as a pianist, notably in a competition before the Emperor with Muzio Clementi on 24 December 1781,[34] and he soon "had established himself as the finest keyboard player in Vienna". [34] He also prospered as a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July 1782 and achieved a huge success. The work was soon being performed "throughoutGerman-speaking Europe",[34] and fully established Mozart's reputation as a composer. Near the height of his quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart moved in with the Weber family, who had moved to Vienna from Mannheim. The father, Fridolin, had died, and the Webers were now taking in lodgers to make ends meet. [36] Aloysia, who had earlier rejected Mozart's suit, was now married to the actor Joseph Lange, and Mozart's interest shifted to the third daughter, Constanze.

The courtship did not go entirely smoothly; surviving correspondence indicates that Mozart and Constanze briefly broke up in April 1782. 37] Mozart also faced a very difficult task in getting his father's permission for the marriage. [38] The couple were finally married on 4 August 1782, in St. Stephen's Cathedral, the day before Leopold's consent arrived in the mail. [38] The couple had six children, of which only two survived infancy: •Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783) •Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858) •Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)•Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 December 1787 – 29 June 1788) •Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 25 December 1789) Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844) In the course of 1782 and 1783 Mozart became intimately acquainted with the work of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel as a result of the influence of Gottfried van Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the Baroque masters. Mozart's study of these scores inspired compositions in Baroque style, and later influenced his personal musical language, for example in fugal passages in Die Zauberflote ("The Magic Flute") and the finale of Symphony No. 1.

[39] In 1783, Wolfgang and Constanze visited his family in Salzburg. Leopold and Nannerl were, at best, only polite to Constanze, but the visit prompted the composition of one of Mozart's great liturgical pieces, the Mass in C minor. Though not completed, it was premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part. [40] Mozart met Joseph Haydn in Vienna, and the two composers became friends (see Haydn and Mozart). When Haydn visited Vienna, they sometimes played together in an impromptu string quartet.Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn (K. 387, K.

421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are judged to be a response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from 1781. [41] Haydn in 1785 told the visiting Leopold: "I tell you before God, and as an honest man, your son is the greatest composer known to me by person and repute, he has taste and what is more the greatest skill in composition. "[42] From 1782 to 1785 Mozart mounted concerts with himself as soloist, presenting three or four new piano concertos in each season.

Since space in the theaters was scarce, he booked unconventional venues: a large room in the Trattnerhof (an apartment building), and the ballroom of the Mehlgrube (a restaurant). [43] The concerts were very popular, and the concertos he premiered at them are still firm fixtures in the repertoire. Solomon writes that during this period Mozart created "a harmonious connection between an eager composer-performer and a delighted audience, which was given the opportunity of witnessing the transformation and perfection of a major musical genre". 43] With substantial returns from his concerts and elsewhere, he and Constanze adopted a rather plush lifestyle. They moved to an expensive apartment, with a yearly rent of 460 florins. [44] Mozart also bought a fine fortepiano from Anton Walter for about 900 florins, and a billiard table for about 300. [44] The Mozarts sent their son Karl Thomas to an expensive boarding school,[45][46] and kept servants.

Saving was therefore impossible, and the short period of financial success did nothing to soften the hardship the Mozarts were later to experience. 47][48] On 14 December 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, admitted to the lodge Zur Wohltatigkeit ("Beneficence"). [49] Freemasonry played an important role in the remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a number of his friends were Masons, and on various occasions he composed Masonic music. (See Mozart and Freemasonry. ) 1786–1787: Return to opera Despite the great success of Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic writing for the next four years, producing only two unfinished works and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor.He focused instead on his career as a piano soloist and writer of concertos. However, around the end of 1785, Mozart moved away from keyboard writing[50][page needed] and began his famous operatic collaboration with the librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte.

1786 saw the successful premiere of The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna. Its reception in Prague later in the year was even warmer, and this led to a second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 to acclaim in Prague, and also met with success in Vienna in 1788.The two are among Mozart's most important works and are mainstays of the operatic repertoire today, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty for both listeners and performers. These developments were not witnessed by the composer's father, as Leopold had died on 28 May 1787. In December 1787 Mozart finally obtained a steady post under aristocratic patronage. Emperor Joseph II appointed him as his "chamber composer", a post that had fallen vacant the previous month on the death of Gluck.It was a part-time appointment, paying just 800 florins per year, and only required Mozart to compose dances for the annual balls in the Redoutensaal.

However, even this modest income became important to Mozart when hard times arrived. Court records show that Joseph's aim was to keep the esteemed composer from leaving Vienna in pursuit of better prospects. [51] In 1787 the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to study with Mozart. [52] No reliable records survive to indicate whether the two composers ever met. (See Mozart and Beethoven. ) 1788–1790 Toward the end of the decade, Mozart's circumstances worsened.Around 1786 he had ceased to appear frequently in public concerts, and his income shrank.

[53] This was a difficult time for musicians in Vienna because Austria was at war, and both the general level of prosperity and the ability of the aristocracy to support music had declined. [54] By mid-1788, Mozart and his family had moved from central Vienna to the suburb of Alsergrund. [53] Although it has been thought that Mozart reduced his rental expenses, recent research shows that by moving to the suburb Mozart had certainly not reduced his expenses (as claimed in his letter to Puchberg), but merely increased the housing space at his disposal. 55] Mozart began to borrow money, most often from his friend and fellow Mason Michael Puchberg; "a pitiful sequence of letters pleading for loans" survives. [56] Maynard Solomon and others have suggested that Mozart was suffering from depression, and it seems that his output slowed. [57] Major works of the period include the last three symphonies (Nos. 39, 40, and 41, all from 1788), and the last of the three Da Ponte operas, Cosi fan tutte, premiered in 1790.

Around this time Mozart made long journeys hoping to improve his ortunes: to Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin in the spring of 1789 (see Mozart's Berlin journey), and to Frankfurt, Mannheim, and other German cities in 1790. The trips produced only isolated success and did not relieve the family's financial distress. 1791 Mozart's last year was, until his final illness struck, a time of great productivity—and by some accounts a time of personal recovery. [58] He composed a great deal, including some of his most admired works: the opera The Magic Flute, the final piano concerto (K. 95 in B-flat), the Clarinet Concerto K. 622, the last in his great series of string quintets (K. 614 in E-flat), the motet Ave verum corpus K.

618, and the unfinished Requiem K. 626. Mozart's financial situation, a source of extreme anxiety in 1790, finally began to improve.Although the evidence is inconclusive,[59] it appears that wealthy patrons in Hungary and Amsterdam pledged annuities to Mozart in return for the occasional composition. He probably also benefited from the sale of dance music written in his role as Imperial chamber composer. 59] Mozart no longer borrowed large sums from Puchberg, and made a start on paying off his debts. [59] He experienced great satisfaction in the public success of some of his works, notably The Magic Flute (performed many times in the short period between its premiere and Mozart's death)[60] and the Little Masonic Cantata K.

623, premiered on 15 November 1791. [61] Final illness and death Main article: Death of Mozart Mozart fell ill while in Prague for the premiere on 6 September of his opera La clemenza di Tito, written in 1791 on commission for the Emperor's coronation festivities. 62] He was able to continue his professional functions for some time, and conducted the premiere of The Magic Flute on 30 September.The illness intensified on 20 November, at which point Mozart became bedridden, suffering from swelling, pain, and vomiting. [63] Mozart was nursed in his final illness by Constanze and her youngest sister Sophie, and attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset. It is clear that he was mentally occupied with the task of finishing his Requiem. However, the evidence that he actually dictated passages to his student Sussmayr is very slim.

[64][65] Mozart died at 1 a. . on 5 December 1791 at the age of 35. The New Grove gives a matter-of-fact description of his funeral: Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese custom, at the St Marx cemetery outside the city on 7 December. If, as later reports say, no mourners attended, that too is consistent with Viennese burial customs at the time; later Jahn (1856) wrote that Salieri, Sussmayr, van Swieten and two other musicians were present. The tale of a storm and snow is false; the day was calm and mild. [66] The cause of Mozart's death cannot be known with certainty.

The official record has it as "hitziges Frieselfieber" ("severe miliary fever", referring to a rash that looks like millet seeds), a description that does not suffice to identify the cause as it would be diagnosed in modern medicine. Researchers have posited at least 118 causes of death, including trichinosis, influenza, mercury poisoning, and a rare kidney ailment. [67] The most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mozart died of acute rheumatic fever. Mozart's sparse funeral did not reflect his standing with the public as a composer: memorial services and concerts in Vienna and Prague were well attended.Indeed, in the period immediately after his death, Mozart's reputation rose substantially: Solomon describes an "unprecedented wave of enthusiasm"[68] for his work; biographies were written (first by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Nissen; see Biographies of Mozart); and publishers vied to produce complete editions of his works. [68] Appearance and character Mozart's physical appearance was described by tenor Michael Kelly, in his Reminiscences: "a remarkably small man, very thin and pale, with a profusion of fine, fair hair of which he was rather vain".

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