Consumer Behaviour – Howard and Shiite Model and Nicosia Model

These different decision making models are approaches the problem of consumer decision making differently. The Engel-Koalas-Blackwell model is essentially a conscious problem solving and learning model of consumer behavior. This model has a good description of active information seeking and evaluation processes of consumer. The information processed in this model is the stimulus. The consumers decision processes act upon this stimulus in order to determine a response to it. These models attempt to explain each stage and show interrelated between the stages of consumer buyer behavior from the stimulus, through the purchase to post purchase behavior. The Howard-Sheet model (1969) is a learning model designed to explain the brand choice of an individual faced with several choice alternatives. Limitations and constraints of marketing

This model is an attempt to explain rational brand choice behavior within the constraints of limited individual capacities and incomplete information. This model can divided roughly into four fundamental parts

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• stimulus input variables,
•  exogenous rabbles,
•  sequential output variables, and
• the assassinate state of buyer.

 " However, the limitation of this model is that it has little practical value for marketing practitioners.

The two major advantages of the Howard-Sheet model are following:

• It has been partially tested empirically, thus establishing some credibility for the model
• The model is also a dynamic model Overall the Engel-Blackwell- Marinara model provides more comprehensive and accurate comparison with Howard- Sheet model. The two models are similar in as much as they both propose a rational nonuser, but one who is prepared to satisfies where appropriate.

The environmental influences of the Engel-Blackwell-Marinara model compare directly to the exogenous variables as outlined in the explanation of Howard-Sheet model. Another famous consumer behavior model is Nicosia model (1966). Francesco Nicosia was one of the first consumer behavior meddlers to shift focus from the act of purchase itself to the more complex decision process that consumers engage in about products and services. This model is characterized as a communications model hat begins with a firm communication to the consumer via advertising and culminates with consumer feedback to the firm.

This model contains four major components or fields:

• the firm attributes and outputs or communications and the consumers psychological attributes,
• the consumers search for and evaluation of the firm output and other available alternatives,
• the consumers motivated act of purchase, and
• the consumers storage or use of the product.

Francesco Nicosia assumes that the consumer is seeking to fulfilled specific goals and hat initially there is no history between the consumer and the firm, so no positive or negative predispositions toward the firm exist in the consumers mind. There are some limitations in Nicosia model which include an inadequate understanding of the influence and interrelationships among the consumer attributes represented by Subfield and the questionable assumption that no prior consumer knowledge or experience with the product exists. Consumer behavior By secretariat RI Component Model and its relevance tort marketers Model of Business Buyer Behavior.

Define Culture

Explain the effect of culture and subculture on consumer behavior. Give suitable examples to support your answer. Marks NAS) Every person carries him - or herself patterns of thinking, feel- inning, and potential acting that were learned throughout their lifetime. Using the analogy of the way computers are pro-grammar, this book will call such patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting mental programs, or software of the mind. A customary term for such mental software is culture. The sources of one's mental programs lie within the social environ- meet in which one grew up and collected one's life experiences. Culture consists of the unwritten rules of the social game. It is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishing the members of a group or category of people from others.

Parts of Culture

Culture: norms, roles, beliefs, values, customs, rituals, artifacts Culture classifies things into discontinuous units of value in society Codes classified units, develops behaviors, specifies priorities, legitimates and Justifies the classifications Consumer colonization - the process by which people develop their values, motivations, and habitual activity Culture creates meanings for everyday products We study how the use and/or collections of products and their meanings move through a society Nature of Culture components Norms: rules that designate forms of acceptable and unacceptable behavior

Customs: behaviors that lasted over time and passed down in the family setting Mores: moral standards of behavior Conventions: practices tied to the conduct of everyday life in various settings Ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own culture as better or superior to others Key Points about Culture It is learned: transmitted from generation to generation It rewards acceptable behaviors It stays the same, yet can change Family, Religion, School and Peers: what is the relative influence of each? Values Transfusion Model shows how these combine Will any become more, less relevant?

Consumer colonization: the acquisition of consumption-related cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors. For instance... What determines a "hot" lunch and why it is desirable What determines holiday foods? What is a breakfast food? Colors of foods? Correct clothing tort various events Why do you turn around when entering an elevator? Why do men wear ties and women do not? Why do people shake hands, and not touch elbows? Why do you know what constitutes "good" vs "bad" manners?

Consumption Pattern at different stages of Family Life cycle NAS) Consumption is a major concept in economics and is also studied by many other social sciences. Economists are particularly interested in the relationship between consumption and income, and therefore in economics the consumption function plays a major role. Different schools of economists define production and consumption differently.

According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase f goods and services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure -in particular, fixed investment, intermediate consumption, and government spending  are placed in separate categories (See consumer choice). Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services (e. G. The selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services Consumption is defined in part by comparison to production. In the tradition f the Columbia School of Household Economics also known as the New Home Economics commercial consumption has to be analyzed in the context of household production.

Opportunity cost of time affects the cost of home-produced substitutes and therefore demand for commercial goods and The elasticity of demand for consumption goods is also a function of who performs chores in households and how their spouses compensate them for opportunity costs of home production  Behavioral Learning Theories NAS) Behavioral learning theories are a part of behaviorism, which is the study of the behavior of a person or animal reacting to something in the environment. The reaction is termed the "response," and the thing causing the reaction is the "stimulus." Psychologist B. F. Skinner began working on behavioral learning theories in the sass, and defined the terms "classical conditioning" and "operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning Peter Gravy's "Psychology" defines classical conditioning as the "process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comes to elicit a response, in reflexive fashion, after it's paired for one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits a response." Dry. Ivan Pavlov first experimented with this phenomenon in the early 20th century.

What started as a study of the types of saliva dogs produce when anticipating food turned into a study of learning, as Pavlov inadvertently taught the dogs to associate a ringing bell with feeding time. Soon, the dogs began salivating when the bell rang, even if no food was nearby. Pavlov called the dog's natural response to the food the "unconditioned response," and the food was "the unconditioned stimulus. " The act of salivating to the food is the "unconditioned reflex. The act of salivating to the bell is the "conditioned reflex," the bell is the "conditioned stimulus" and the salivation is the "conditioned response. " In dog training, tort example, you could use classical conditioning to retrain a dog Jumps around when you're putting on his leash to go for a walk.

If he knows to sit on command for a treat, tell him to sit down by the door with his leash on. When he does, give him a treat and take him outside for a few minutes. Bring him back in and repeat until he quickly sits for his treat, then start asking him to sit without a treat. Again, when he sits, take him out. Repeat until he sits by the door without being asked. Operant Conditioning Gray describes operant conditioning as the idea that "the consequences of a response increase or decrease the likelihood that the response will occur again. " This type of response is called an "operant response. " Psychologist Edward Lee Thornier studied operant conditioning at approximately the same time as Pavlov's research.

He put a cat in what he termed a "puzzle box," with food Just outside of the box. By scratching around the inside the box, the cat would eventually hit the trigger for the door and escape to the food. After many repetitions, the cat released itself as soon as it was placed in the box. To use operant conditioning to teach your dog to wait patiently as you're getting ready to take him out, stand at the door with him. When he sits down accidentally, even if it takes a while, immediately open the door and take him out. Walk around for a few minutes, bring him back in, and repeat the procedure until he sits immediately when you bring him to the door.

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